Araştırma Makalesi
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Son Haçlı Seferi ve İlk Siyonistler: Din, İmparatorluk ve Modern Filistin Yapımı

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 18, 1 - 28, 31.12.2025

Roberto Mazza

https://doi.org/10.34230/fiad.1772685
https://izlik.org/JA55BW33BU

Öz

Bu makale, Birinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında İngiltere'nin Filistin'e yönelik emperyal politikasınınihmal edilmiş dini boyutlarını incelemektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışma, Balfour Deklarasyonu ileİngilizlerin Kudüs'ü ele geçirmesi arasındaki ilişkinin kronolojik bir tesadüf olmadığını, bundan çokdaha fazlasını temsil ettiğini savunmaktadır. Politikayı yalnızca stratejik merceklerden görmekyerine bu çalışma, Hıristiyan Siyonizmi, İngiliz İsrailciliği ve haçlı retoriğinin, David Lloyd Georgeve Arthur Balfour gibi kilit isimler için nasıl temel çerçeveler sağladığını ortaya koymaktadır.İngiltere ve Amerika'ya yayılan ulus-aşırı evanjelik ağlar, hem istihbarat toplama örgütleri hem desiyasi destek kaynakları olarak işlev görerek bu kararları etkilemiştir. Bahsedilen bu ağlar, diniinançların emperyal hesapları şekillendirdiği ve gerçek toprakların üzerine bindirilmiş hayali birmanzara olan “Kitab-ı Mukaddes Filistini”nin (Biblical Palestine) yaratılmasına yardımcı olmuştur.Ancak, birden fazla dini çerçeveyi birleştirme girişimleri temel çelişkiler yaratmıştır; özellikle,Yahudilerin Filistin’e geri dönüşüne yönelik Hıristiyan Siyonist desteği, Hıristiyan hakimiyetinivurgulayan haçlı imgeleriyle sıklıkla çatışmıştır. Bu evanjelik beklentiler ile pratik yönetim gerçekleriarasındaki uçurum, Yahudi ve Arap nüfus arasındaki çatışmayı tırmandıran ve nihayetinde mandadönemi boyunca İngiliz otoritesini sarsan devam eden gerilimlere katkıda bulunmuştur. İngilizpolitikasının başarısızlığı, dini motivasyonların yerine getirilmesi imkansız olan başlangıçtaahhütlerini nasıl şekillendirdiğini kabul etmeden tam olarak anlaşılamaz. Ayrıca makale, bu diniağların imparatorluğun çöküşünden sağ çıktığını ve özellikle İsrail'e yönelik Amerikan evanjelikdesteği konusunda Orta Doğu siyasetini etkilemeye devam eden çağdaş hareketlere dönüştüğünüöne sürmektedir. Sonuç olarak bu inceleme, uluslararası ilişkilerde siyasi eylemin bir temeli olarakdini inancın hem gücünü hem de sınırlarını; aynı zamanda birbirine bağlı bir dünyada, farklıtoplumları yönetmenin getirdiği karmaşık zorlukları ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hıristiyan Siyonizmi İngiliz İmparatorluğu Balfour Deklarasyonu dini ağlar Filistin

Teşekkür

Keyman Modern Turkish Study Program, Buffett Institute for Global Affairs, Northwestern University

Kaynakça

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  • Amit, Thomas. ‘Laurence Oliphant: Financial Sources for his Activities in Palestine in the 1880s.’ Palestine Exploration Quarterly 139, no. 3 (2007): 205-212.
  • Ariel, Yaakov. An Unusual Relationship: Evangelical Christians and Jews. New York: NYU Press, 2013.
  • Ariel, Yaakov. Evangelizing the Chosen People: Missions to the Jews in America, 1880-2000. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
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  • Bar-Yosef, Eitan. The Holy Land in English Culture 1799-1917. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
  • ____ ‘The Last Crusade? British Propaganda and the Palestine Campaign, 1917-1918.’ Journal of Contemporary History 36, no. 1 (2001): 87-109.
  • Bell, G.K.A. Randall Davidson: Archbishop of Canterbury. London: Oxford University Press, 1935.
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  • Bowes, J. The Aussie Crusaders. London: Oxford University Press, 1920.
  • Bridgeman, Charles T. Michael Solomon Alexander: First Bishop of the Church England in Jerusalem 1841-1845.’ Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church 12, no. 1 (March 1943): 31-43.
  • Cannadine, David. Ornamentalism: How the British Saw Their Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
  • Carenen, Caitlin. The Fervent Embrace: Liberal Protestants, Evangelicals, and Israel. New York: NYU Press, 2012.
  • Carpenter, Joel and Wilbert Shenk, eds. Earthen Vessels: American Evangelicals and Foreign Missions, 1880-1980. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990.
  • Clark, Victoria. Allies for Armageddon: The Rise of Christian Zionism. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007.
  • Cohen, Michael J. Britain’s Moment in Palestine: Retrospect and Perspectives, 1917-1948. London: Routledge, 2014.
  • Collinson, Patrick. The Elizabethan Puritan Movement. London: Jonathan Cape, 1967.
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  • Cook, Tim. Shock Troops: Canadians Fighting the Great War 1917-1918. Toronto: Viking Canada, 2008.
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  • Cooper, F.H. Khaki Crusaders. Cape Town: Central News Agency, 1919.
  • Cutulo, Francesco. ‘L'Ultima Crociata? Il cattolicesimo Italiano davanti alla presa di Gerusalemme (1917).’ Rivista di Storia del Cristianesimo 1 (2019): 171-202.
  • Darwin, John. The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System 1830-1970. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  • Epstein, L.J. Zion’s Call: Christian Contributions to the Origins and Development of Israel. Lanham: University Press of America, 1984.
  • Frantzman, Seth, Benjamin Glueckstadt, Ruth Kark. ‘The Anglican Church in Palestine and Israel: Colonialism, Arabization and Land Ownership.’ Middle Eastern Studies 47, no. 1 (January 2011): 101-126.
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  • Frederick, Marla. Colored Television: American Religion Gone Global. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2015.
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  • Goldberg, Michelle. Kingdom Coming: The Rise of Christian Nationalism. New York: W.W. Norton, 2006.
  • Goldman, Shalom. God’s Sacred Tongue: Hebrew and the American Imagination. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004.
  • ___ Zeal for Zion: Christians, Jews and the Idea of the Promised Land. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.
  • Gonen, R. The Quest for the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel. New Jersey: Book-Mart Press, 2002.
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  • Harris, Kenneth. Attlee. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1982.
  • Hashash, Yali. ‘Gender, Religion, and Secularism in the English Mission Hospital of Jerusalem, 1844-1880.’ Journal of Levantine Studies 7, no. 5 (2017): 9-34.
  • Hilton, Boyd. The Age of Atonement: The Influence of Evangelicalism on Social and Economic Thought, 1795-1865. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
  • Hughes, Matthew. Allenby and British Strategy in the Middle East, 1917-1919. London: Frank Cass, 1999.
  • Idinopulos, T.G. Weathered by Miracles: A History of Palestine from Bonaparte and Muhammad Ali to Ben-Gurion and the Mufti. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1998.
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  • Jacobson, Abigail. From Empire to Empire: Jerusalem Between Ottoman and British Rule. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2009.
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  • Katz, David. The Jews in the History of England 1485-1850. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.
  • Keeley, Samuel B. ‘'Will the Day Break in the East?': The Origins of Anglo Prussian Protestant Bishopric in Jerusalem, 1840-1880.’In Europe Across Boundaries, edited by Noëmie Duhaut and Johannes Paulmann, 37-62. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2022.
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The Last Crusade and The First Zionists: Religion, Empire, and The Making of Modern Palestine

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 18, 1 - 28, 31.12.2025

Roberto Mazza

https://doi.org/10.34230/fiad.1772685
https://izlik.org/JA55BW33BU

Öz

This article examines the neglected religious dimensions of British imperial policy toward Palestineduring World War One, arguing that the relationship between the Balfour Declaration and the Britishcapture of Jerusalem represents far more than mere chronological coincidence. Rather than viewingpolicy through purely strategic lenses, this study demonstrates how Christian Zionism BritishIsraelism, and crusading rhetoric provided essential frameworks for key figures like David LloydGeorge and Arthur Balfour. Transnational evangelical networks spanning Britain and Americainfluenced these decisions, functioning as both intelligence-gathering organizations and sources ofpolitical support. These networks helped create a “Biblical Palestine”—an imaginary landscapesuperimposed upon the actual territory—where religious conviction shaped imperial calculations.However, attempts to combine multiple religious frameworks created fundamental contradictions;specifically, Christian Zionist support for Jewish restoration often conflicted with crusading imageryemphasizing Christian dominance. The gap between these evangelical expectations and practicalgovernance realities contributed to ongoing tensions that escalated conflict between Jewish and Arabpopulations, ultimately undermining British authority throughout the mandate period. The failureof British policy cannot be fully understood without recognizing how religious motivations shapedinitial commitments that proved impossible to fulfill. Furthermore, the article posits that thesereligious networks survived imperial decline, transforming into contemporary movements thatcontinue influencing Middle Eastern politics, particularly regarding American evangelical supportfor Israel. Ultimately, this examination illustrates both the power and the limitations of religiousconviction as a foundation for political action in international relations and the complex challengesof governing diverse societies in an interconnected world.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Christian Zionism British Empire Balfour Declaration religious networks Palestine

Teşekkür

Keyman Modern Turkish Study Program, Buffett Institute for Global Affairs, Northwestern University

Kaynakça

  • Adams, M.C. The Modern Crusaders. London: Routledge & Sons, 1920.
  • Adams, R.J.Q. Balfour: The Last Grandee. London: John Murray, 2007.
  • Adelson, Roger. London and the Invention of the Middle East: Money, Power, and War, 1902-1922. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.
  • Amit, Thomas. ‘Laurence Oliphant: Financial Sources for his Activities in Palestine in the 1880s.’ Palestine Exploration Quarterly 139, no. 3 (2007): 205-212.
  • Ariel, Yaakov. An Unusual Relationship: Evangelical Christians and Jews. New York: NYU Press, 2013.
  • Ariel, Yaakov. Evangelizing the Chosen People: Missions to the Jews in America, 1880-2000. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
  • Ayerst, David. Guardian: Biography of a Newspaper. London: Collins, 1971.
  • Balfour, Arthur James. The Foundations of Belief. London: Longmans, Green, 1895.
  • Barkun, M. Religion and the Racist Right: The Origins of the Christian Identity Movement. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997.
  • Bar-Yosef, Eitan. The Holy Land in English Culture 1799-1917. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
  • ____ ‘The Last Crusade? British Propaganda and the Palestine Campaign, 1917-1918.’ Journal of Contemporary History 36, no. 1 (2001): 87-109.
  • Bell, G.K.A. Randall Davidson: Archbishop of Canterbury. London: Oxford University Press, 1935.
  • Ben-Arieh, Yehoshua. Jerusalem in the 19th Century: The Old City. Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi Institute, 1984.
  • Bowes, J. The Aussie Crusaders. London: Oxford University Press, 1920.
  • Bridgeman, Charles T. Michael Solomon Alexander: First Bishop of the Church England in Jerusalem 1841-1845.’ Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church 12, no. 1 (March 1943): 31-43.
  • Cannadine, David. Ornamentalism: How the British Saw Their Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
  • Carenen, Caitlin. The Fervent Embrace: Liberal Protestants, Evangelicals, and Israel. New York: NYU Press, 2012.
  • Carpenter, Joel and Wilbert Shenk, eds. Earthen Vessels: American Evangelicals and Foreign Missions, 1880-1980. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990.
  • Clark, Victoria. Allies for Armageddon: The Rise of Christian Zionism. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007.
  • Cohen, Michael J. Britain’s Moment in Palestine: Retrospect and Perspectives, 1917-1948. London: Routledge, 2014.
  • Collinson, Patrick. The Elizabethan Puritan Movement. London: Jonathan Cape, 1967.
  • Cook, Tim. At the Sharp End: Canadians Fighting the Great War 1914-1916. Toronto: Viking Canada, 2007.
  • Cook, Tim. Shock Troops: Canadians Fighting the Great War 1917-1918. Toronto: Viking Canada, 2008.
  • Cooper Jr., John Milton. Woodrow Wilson: A Biography. New York: Knopf, 2009.
  • Cooper, F.H. Khaki Crusaders. Cape Town: Central News Agency, 1919.
  • Cutulo, Francesco. ‘L'Ultima Crociata? Il cattolicesimo Italiano davanti alla presa di Gerusalemme (1917).’ Rivista di Storia del Cristianesimo 1 (2019): 171-202.
  • Darwin, John. The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System 1830-1970. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  • Epstein, L.J. Zion’s Call: Christian Contributions to the Origins and Development of Israel. Lanham: University Press of America, 1984.
  • Frantzman, Seth, Benjamin Glueckstadt, Ruth Kark. ‘The Anglican Church in Palestine and Israel: Colonialism, Arabization and Land Ownership.’ Middle Eastern Studies 47, no. 1 (January 2011): 101-126.
  • Fraser, A. Cromwell: Our Chief of Men. London: Phoenix, 2002.
  • Frederick, Marla. Colored Television: American Religion Gone Global. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2015.
  • Friedman, Isaiah. British Pan-Arab Policy, 1915-1922: A Critical Appraisal. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2010.
  • Gammage, Bill. The Broken Years: Australian Soldiers in the Great War. Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1974.
  • Gilbert, Martin. Winston S. Churchill, Volume 4: The Stricken World 1916-1922. London: Heinemann, 1975.
  • Goldberg, Michelle. Kingdom Coming: The Rise of Christian Nationalism. New York: W.W. Norton, 2006.
  • Goldman, Shalom. God’s Sacred Tongue: Hebrew and the American Imagination. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004.
  • ___ Zeal for Zion: Christians, Jews and the Idea of the Promised Land. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.
  • Gonen, R. The Quest for the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel. New Jersey: Book-Mart Press, 2002.
  • Gorenberg, Gershom. The End of Days: Fundamentalism and the Struggle for the Temple Mount. New York: Free Press, 2000.
  • Gregory, Adrian. The Last Great War: British Society and the First World War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  • Grigg, John. Lloyd George: The People’s Champion 1902-1911. London: Eyre Methuen, 1978.
  • Grundlingh, Albert. Fighting Their Own War: South African Blacks and the First World War. Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1987.
  • Halsell, Grace. Prophecy and Politics: The Secret Alliance Between Israel and the U.S. Christian Right. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 1986.
  • Harris, Kenneth. Attlee. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1982.
  • Hashash, Yali. ‘Gender, Religion, and Secularism in the English Mission Hospital of Jerusalem, 1844-1880.’ Journal of Levantine Studies 7, no. 5 (2017): 9-34.
  • Hilton, Boyd. The Age of Atonement: The Influence of Evangelicalism on Social and Economic Thought, 1795-1865. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
  • Hughes, Matthew. Allenby and British Strategy in the Middle East, 1917-1919. London: Frank Cass, 1999.
  • Idinopulos, T.G. Weathered by Miracles: A History of Palestine from Bonaparte and Muhammad Ali to Ben-Gurion and the Mufti. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1998.
  • Jack, Sybil. ‘No Heavenly Jerusalem: The Anglican Bishopric, 1841-83.’ Journal of Religious History 19, no. 2 (December 1995): 181-203.
  • Jacobson, Abigail. From Empire to Empire: Jerusalem Between Ottoman and British Rule. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2009.
  • Kamel, Lorenzo. Imperial Perceptions of Palestine: British Influence and Power in Late Ottoman Times. London: I.B. Tauris, 2015.
  • Katz, David. The Jews in the History of England 1485-1850. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.
  • Keeley, Samuel B. ‘'Will the Day Break in the East?': The Origins of Anglo Prussian Protestant Bishopric in Jerusalem, 1840-1880.’In Europe Across Boundaries, edited by Noëmie Duhaut and Johannes Paulmann, 37-62. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2022.
  • Khalidi, Rashid. Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.
  • Larsen, Timothy. A People of One Book: The Bible and the Victorians. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • Lavoie, Jeffrey. Laurence Oliphant (1829-1888) and The Household: The Christian Mystical Teachings of a Nineteenth Century Religious Leader. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021.
  • Lemire, Vincent. Jerusalem 1900: The Holy City in the Age of Possibilities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017.
  • Leppäkari, M. The Apocalyptic Representation of Jerusalem in Islamic, Jewish and Christian Traditions. Leiden: Brill, 2006.
  • Levine, Amy-Jill. The Misunderstood Jew: The Church and the Scandal of the Jewish Jesus. New York: HarperOne, 2006.
  • Lewis, Donald. The Origins of Christian Zionism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
  • Louis, Wm. Roger. The British Empire in the Middle East 1945-1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984.
  • Magid, Shaul. ‘Christian Supersessionism, Zionism, and the Contemporary Scene: A Critical Reading of Peter Ochs's Reading of John Howard Yoder.’ Journal of Religious Ethics 45 (2017): 104-141.
  • Makovsky, Michael. Churchill’s Promised Land: Zionism and Statecraft. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007.
  • Marsden, George. Fundamentalism and American Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980.
  • Masalha, Nur. The Bible and Zionism: Invented Traditions, Archaeology and Post-Colonialism in Palestine-Israel. London: Zed Books, 2007.
  • Mazza, Roberto. Jerusalem From the Ottomans to the British. London: I.B. Tauris, 2009.
  • Mazza, Roberto and Idir Ouahes. ‘For God and La Patrie: Antonin Jaussen, Dominican Priest and French Intelligence Agent in the Middle East, 1914-1920.’ First World War Studies 3, no. 2 (2012): 145-164.
  • McAlister, Melani. The Kingdom of God Has No Borders: A Global History of American Evangelicals. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018.
  • McFayden, E. Songs of the Last Crusade. North Sydney: Winn & Co., 1917.
  • Mead, Walter Russell. ‘The New Israel and the Old: Why Gentile Americans Back the Jewish State.’ Foreign Affairs 87, no. 4 (2008): 28-46.
  • Mearsheimer, John and Stephen Walt. The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007.
  • Merkley, P. The Politics of Christian Zionism 1891-1948. London: Frank Cass, 1998.
  • Merkley, Paul Charles. American Presidents, Religion, and Israel: The Heirs of Cyrus. Westport: Praeger, 2004.
  • Monroe, Elizabeth. Britain’s Moment in the Middle East 1914-1971. London: Chatto & Windus, 1981.
  • Morgan, Kenneth O. Lloyd George. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1974.
  • Moscrop, James. Measuring Jerusalem: The Palestine Exploration Fund and British Interests in the Holy Land. Leicester: Leicester University Press, 2000.
  • O’Mahony, Anthony. ‘Christianity in the Holy Land: The Historical Background.’ The Month (December 1993): 470.
  • Omissi, David. The Sepoy and the Raj: The Indian Army, 1860-1940. London: Macmillan, 1994.
  • Ovendale, Ritchie. Britain, the United States, and the End of the Palestine Mandate, 1942-1948. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1989.
  • Pappe, Ilan. A History of Modern Palestine: One Land, Two Peoples. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
  • ___ Lobbying for Zionism on Both Sides of the Atlantic. London: Oneworld Publication, 2024.
  • ___ The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine. Oxford: OneWorld Publications, 2006.
  • Parfitt, T. The Lost Tribes of Israel: The History of a Myth. London: Phoenix, 2002.
  • Pedersen, Susan. The Guardians: The League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
  • Perry, Yaron. British Mission to the Jews in 19th Century Palestine. London: Frank Cass, 2003.
  • Perry, Yaron and Efraim Lev. ‘The Medical Activities of the London Jews’ Society in Nineteenth-Century Palestine.’ Medical History 47 (2003): 67-88.
  • Polley, Gabriel. Palestine in the Victorian Age: Colonial Encounters in the Holy Land. London: I.B. Tauris, 2022.
  • Posner, Sarah. God’s Profits: Faith, Fraud, and the Republican Crusade for Values Voters. Sausalito: PoliPointPress, 2008.
  • Presland, John. Deedes Bey: A Study of Sir Wyndham Deedes, 1883-1923. London: Macmillan, 1942.
  • Randall, Ian. What a Friend We Have in Jesus: The Evangelical Tradition. London: Darton, Longman & Todd, 2005.
  • Renton, James. The Zionist Masquerade: The Birth of the Anglo-Zionist Alliance, 1914-1918. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
  • Said, Edward. Orientalism. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978.
  • Sandeen, Ernest. The Roots of Fundamentalism: British and American Millenarianism, 1800-1930. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970.
  • Schneer, Jonathan. The Balfour Declaration: The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. New York: Random House, 2010.
  • Schölch, A. ‘Britain in Palestine, 1838-1882: The Roots of the Balfour Policy.’ Journal of Palestine Studies 22, no. 1 (Autumn 1992): 42-43.
  • Schwake, Norbert. ‘Hospitals and European Colonial Policies in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries.’ In Health and Disease in the Holy Land, edited by Manfred Waserman and Samuel Kottek, 231-262. New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 1996.
  • Segev, Tom. One Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs under the British Mandate. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2000.
  • Sharif, Regina. ‘Christians for Zion 1600-1919.’ Journal of Palestine Studies 5, no. 3/4 (Spring-Summer 1976): 125.
  • Sharif, Regina. Non-Jewish Zionism: Its Roots in Western History. London: Zed Press, 1983.
  • Siberry, Elizabeth. The New Crusaders: Images of the Crusades in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000.
  • ___ ‘The Crusading Inheritance in British Literature and Art.’ In The Crusades in the Modern World, edited by Mike Horswell, 234-256. London: Routledge, 2007.
  • Sizer, S.R. ‘Christian Zionism: A British Perspective.’ In Holy Land Hollow Jubilee, edited by N. Ateek and M. Prior, 189-204. London: Melisende, 1999.
  • Sizer, Stephen. Christian Zionism, Road-Map to Armageddon? Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press, 2004.
  • ___ ‘Christian Zionism and the Church of England: Historic Beginnings.’ Journal for the Study of Christian Zionism 1 (2024): 12.
  • Smith, Barbara. The Roots of Separatism in Palestine: British Economic Policy, 1920-1929. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1993.
  • Snape, Michael. God and the British Soldier: Religion and the British Army in the First and Second World Wars. London: Routledge, 2005.
  • Spector, Stephen. Evangelicals and Israel: The Story of American Christian Zionism. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
  • Stanley, Peter. Bad Characters: Sex, Crime, Mutiny, Murder and the Australian Imperial Force. Sydney: Murdoch Books, 2010.
  • Stevenson, F.L. The Great Crusade. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1918.
  • Sutton, Matthew Avery. American Apocalypse: A History of Modern Evangelicalism. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.
  • Trevor-Roper, H. Catholics, Anglicans and Puritans: Seventeenth Century Essays. London: Fontana, 1989.
  • Tsimhoni, Daphne. ‘The Anglican (Evangelical Episcopal) Community in Jerusalem and the West Bank.’ Oriente Moderno, no. 1-2 (1983): 251-258.
  • Tuchman, Barbara. Bible and Sword: England and Palestine from the Bronze Age to Balfour. New York: New York University Press, 1956.
  • Ulrichsen, Kristian Coates. The First World War in the Middle East. London: Hurst, 2014.
  • Urofsky, Melvin. Louis D. Brandeis: A Life. New York: Pantheon Books, 2009.
  • Vereté, M. ‘Why Was a British Consulate Established in Jerusalem?’ The English Historical Review 85, no. 335 (1970): 316-345.
  • Vital, David. Zionism: The Crucial Phase. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.
  • Wagner, Donald. Anxious for Armageddon: A Call to Partnership for Middle Eastern and Western Christians. Scottdale: Herald Press, 1995.
  • ___ Dying in the Land of Promise: Palestine and Palestinian Christianity from Pentecost to 2000. London: Melisende, 2001.
  • Wasserstein, Bernard. Herbert Samuel: A Political Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
  • ___ The British in Palestine: The Mandatory Government and Arab-Jewish Conflict 1917-1929. 2nd edition. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991.
  • Weber, Timothy. On the Road to Armageddon: How Evangelicals Became Israel’s Best Friend. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2004.
  • Weizmann, Chaim. Trial and Error. New York: Harper, 1949.
  • Williams, Francis. Ernest Bevin: Portrait of a Great Englishman. London: Hutchinson, 1952.
  • Wolffe, John. God and Greater Britain: Religion and National Life in Britain and Ireland 1843-1945. London: Routledge, 1994.
  • Yaakov, A. ‘A Neglected Chapter in the History of Christian Zionism in America: William E. Blackstone and the Petition of 1916.’ In Jews and Messianism in the Modern Era, edited by J. Frankel, 68-85. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.
Toplam 126 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Çağdaş Orta Doğu Tarihi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Roberto Mazza 0000-0003-3627-9878

Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Ağustos 2025
Kabul Tarihi 18 Kasım 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
DOI https://doi.org/10.34230/fiad.1772685
IZ https://izlik.org/JA55BW33BU
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: 18

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Mazza, Roberto. 2025. “The Last Crusade and The First Zionists: Religion, Empire, and The Making of Modern Palestine”. Filistin Araştırmaları Dergisi, sy 18: 1-28. https://doi.org/10.34230/fiad.1772685.

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