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Son Haçlı Seferi ve İlk Siyonistler: Din, İmparatorluk ve Modern Filistin Yapımı

Year 2025, Issue: 18, 1 - 28, 31.12.2025

Roberto Mazza

https://doi.org/10.34230/fiad.1772685
https://izlik.org/JA55BW33BU

Abstract

Bu makale, Birinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında İngiltere'nin Filistin'e yönelik emperyal politikasınınihmal edilmiş dini boyutlarını incelemektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışma, Balfour Deklarasyonu ileİngilizlerin Kudüs'ü ele geçirmesi arasındaki ilişkinin kronolojik bir tesadüf olmadığını, bundan çokdaha fazlasını temsil ettiğini savunmaktadır. Politikayı yalnızca stratejik merceklerden görmekyerine bu çalışma, Hıristiyan Siyonizmi, İngiliz İsrailciliği ve haçlı retoriğinin, David Lloyd Georgeve Arthur Balfour gibi kilit isimler için nasıl temel çerçeveler sağladığını ortaya koymaktadır.İngiltere ve Amerika'ya yayılan ulus-aşırı evanjelik ağlar, hem istihbarat toplama örgütleri hem desiyasi destek kaynakları olarak işlev görerek bu kararları etkilemiştir. Bahsedilen bu ağlar, diniinançların emperyal hesapları şekillendirdiği ve gerçek toprakların üzerine bindirilmiş hayali birmanzara olan “Kitab-ı Mukaddes Filistini”nin (Biblical Palestine) yaratılmasına yardımcı olmuştur.Ancak, birden fazla dini çerçeveyi birleştirme girişimleri temel çelişkiler yaratmıştır; özellikle,Yahudilerin Filistin’e geri dönüşüne yönelik Hıristiyan Siyonist desteği, Hıristiyan hakimiyetinivurgulayan haçlı imgeleriyle sıklıkla çatışmıştır. Bu evanjelik beklentiler ile pratik yönetim gerçekleriarasındaki uçurum, Yahudi ve Arap nüfus arasındaki çatışmayı tırmandıran ve nihayetinde mandadönemi boyunca İngiliz otoritesini sarsan devam eden gerilimlere katkıda bulunmuştur. İngilizpolitikasının başarısızlığı, dini motivasyonların yerine getirilmesi imkansız olan başlangıçtaahhütlerini nasıl şekillendirdiğini kabul etmeden tam olarak anlaşılamaz. Ayrıca makale, bu diniağların imparatorluğun çöküşünden sağ çıktığını ve özellikle İsrail'e yönelik Amerikan evanjelikdesteği konusunda Orta Doğu siyasetini etkilemeye devam eden çağdaş hareketlere dönüştüğünüöne sürmektedir. Sonuç olarak bu inceleme, uluslararası ilişkilerde siyasi eylemin bir temeli olarakdini inancın hem gücünü hem de sınırlarını; aynı zamanda birbirine bağlı bir dünyada, farklıtoplumları yönetmenin getirdiği karmaşık zorlukları ortaya koymaktadır.

Keywords

Hıristiyan Siyonizmi İngiliz İmparatorluğu Balfour Deklarasyonu dini ağlar Filistin

Thanks

Keyman Modern Turkish Study Program, Buffett Institute for Global Affairs, Northwestern University

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The Last Crusade and The First Zionists: Religion, Empire, and The Making of Modern Palestine

Year 2025, Issue: 18, 1 - 28, 31.12.2025

Roberto Mazza

https://doi.org/10.34230/fiad.1772685
https://izlik.org/JA55BW33BU

Abstract

This article examines the neglected religious dimensions of British imperial policy toward Palestineduring World War One, arguing that the relationship between the Balfour Declaration and the Britishcapture of Jerusalem represents far more than mere chronological coincidence. Rather than viewingpolicy through purely strategic lenses, this study demonstrates how Christian Zionism BritishIsraelism, and crusading rhetoric provided essential frameworks for key figures like David LloydGeorge and Arthur Balfour. Transnational evangelical networks spanning Britain and Americainfluenced these decisions, functioning as both intelligence-gathering organizations and sources ofpolitical support. These networks helped create a “Biblical Palestine”—an imaginary landscapesuperimposed upon the actual territory—where religious conviction shaped imperial calculations.However, attempts to combine multiple religious frameworks created fundamental contradictions;specifically, Christian Zionist support for Jewish restoration often conflicted with crusading imageryemphasizing Christian dominance. The gap between these evangelical expectations and practicalgovernance realities contributed to ongoing tensions that escalated conflict between Jewish and Arabpopulations, ultimately undermining British authority throughout the mandate period. The failureof British policy cannot be fully understood without recognizing how religious motivations shapedinitial commitments that proved impossible to fulfill. Furthermore, the article posits that thesereligious networks survived imperial decline, transforming into contemporary movements thatcontinue influencing Middle Eastern politics, particularly regarding American evangelical supportfor Israel. Ultimately, this examination illustrates both the power and the limitations of religiousconviction as a foundation for political action in international relations and the complex challengesof governing diverse societies in an interconnected world.

Keywords

Christian Zionism British Empire Balfour Declaration religious networks Palestine

Thanks

Keyman Modern Turkish Study Program, Buffett Institute for Global Affairs, Northwestern University

References

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  • Bowes, J. The Aussie Crusaders. London: Oxford University Press, 1920.
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  • Carpenter, Joel and Wilbert Shenk, eds. Earthen Vessels: American Evangelicals and Foreign Missions, 1880-1980. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990.
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  • ___ Zeal for Zion: Christians, Jews and the Idea of the Promised Land. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.
  • Gonen, R. The Quest for the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel. New Jersey: Book-Mart Press, 2002.
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  • Gregory, Adrian. The Last Great War: British Society and the First World War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  • Grigg, John. Lloyd George: The People’s Champion 1902-1911. London: Eyre Methuen, 1978.
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  • Harris, Kenneth. Attlee. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1982.
  • Hashash, Yali. ‘Gender, Religion, and Secularism in the English Mission Hospital of Jerusalem, 1844-1880.’ Journal of Levantine Studies 7, no. 5 (2017): 9-34.
  • Hilton, Boyd. The Age of Atonement: The Influence of Evangelicalism on Social and Economic Thought, 1795-1865. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
  • Hughes, Matthew. Allenby and British Strategy in the Middle East, 1917-1919. London: Frank Cass, 1999.
  • Idinopulos, T.G. Weathered by Miracles: A History of Palestine from Bonaparte and Muhammad Ali to Ben-Gurion and the Mufti. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1998.
  • Jack, Sybil. ‘No Heavenly Jerusalem: The Anglican Bishopric, 1841-83.’ Journal of Religious History 19, no. 2 (December 1995): 181-203.
  • Jacobson, Abigail. From Empire to Empire: Jerusalem Between Ottoman and British Rule. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2009.
  • Kamel, Lorenzo. Imperial Perceptions of Palestine: British Influence and Power in Late Ottoman Times. London: I.B. Tauris, 2015.
  • Katz, David. The Jews in the History of England 1485-1850. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.
  • Keeley, Samuel B. ‘'Will the Day Break in the East?': The Origins of Anglo Prussian Protestant Bishopric in Jerusalem, 1840-1880.’In Europe Across Boundaries, edited by Noëmie Duhaut and Johannes Paulmann, 37-62. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2022.
  • Khalidi, Rashid. Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.
  • Larsen, Timothy. A People of One Book: The Bible and the Victorians. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • Lavoie, Jeffrey. Laurence Oliphant (1829-1888) and The Household: The Christian Mystical Teachings of a Nineteenth Century Religious Leader. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021.
  • Lemire, Vincent. Jerusalem 1900: The Holy City in the Age of Possibilities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017.
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  • Levine, Amy-Jill. The Misunderstood Jew: The Church and the Scandal of the Jewish Jesus. New York: HarperOne, 2006.
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There are 126 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Contemporary History of Middle East
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Roberto Mazza 0000-0003-3627-9878

Submission Date August 26, 2025
Acceptance Date November 18, 2025
Publication Date December 31, 2025
DOI https://doi.org/10.34230/fiad.1772685
IZ https://izlik.org/JA55BW33BU
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: 18

Cite

Chicago Mazza, Roberto. 2025. “The Last Crusade and The First Zionists: Religion, Empire, and The Making of Modern Palestine”. Filistin Araştırmaları Dergisi, nos. 18: 1-28. https://doi.org/10.34230/fiad.1772685.

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