Araştırma Makalesi
Yıl 2019,
Sayı: 5, 33 - 58, 30.06.2019
Öz
Kaynakça
- Akdes, Nimet Kurat. Rusya Tarihi Başlangıçtan 1917'ye Kadar. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1987.
- Arad, Yitzhak. The Holocaust in the Soviet Union. ABD: University of Nebraska Press, 2009.
- Aronson, I. Michael. “Geographical and Socioeconomic Factors in the 1881 Anti-Jewish Pogroms in Russia.” The Russian Review 39, No:1, (1980): 18-31.
- Aronson, I. Michael. “The Attitudes of Russian Officials in the 1880s Toward Jewish Assimilation and Emigration.” Slavic Review 34, No: 1, (March, 1975): 1-18.
- Aronson, I. Michael. Troubled Waters. The Origins of the Anti-Jewish Pogroms in Russia. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1990.
- Berk, Stephen M. Year of Crisis, Year of Hope: Russian Jewry and the Pogroms of 1881-1882. Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 1985.
- Cassedy, Steven. “Russian-Jewish Intellectuals Confront the Pogroms of 1881: The Example of "Razsvet".” The Jewish Quarterly Review 84, No: 2/3, (October 1993-January 1994): 129-152.
- Dubnow, Simon. Hıstory of the Jews in Russıa and Poland, From the Begınnıng untıl the Death of Alexander I (1825). Vol: I, Trans: I. Frıedlaender. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1916.
- Dubnow, Simon. Hıstory of the Jews in Russıa and Poland, From the Death of Alexander I. until the Death of Alexander III. (1825-1894). Vol: II, Trans: I. Frıedlaender. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1918.
- Edelman, Josph. “The Centenary of Jewiah Immigration to the United States: 1881-1981.” Judaism 32, No: 2, (Spring 1983): 215-29.
- Gartner, Lloyd P. “The Great Jewısh Mıgratıon 1881-1914: Myths And Realıtıes.” Shofar 4, No: 2, (Winter, 1986): 12-21.
- Horowitz, Brian. Russian Idea Jewish Presence: Essays on Russian-Jewish Intellectual Life. Boston: Academic Studies Press, 2013.
- Kalik, Judith. Movable Inn: The Rural Jewish Population of Minsk Guberniya in 1793-1914. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2018.
- Klıer John D. -Shlomo Lambroza. Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History. Cambridge-New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
- Klıer, John D. “ ‘Popular Politics’ and the Jewish Question in the Russian Empire, 1881-2.” Jewish Historical Studies 33, (1992-1994): 175-185.
- Klıer, John D. “The Pogrom Paradigm in Russian History, Pogroms.” Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, (1992): 13-38.
- Klıer, John D. Imperial Russia's Jewish Question, 1855-188. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
- Klıer, John D. Russians, Jews, and the Pogroms of 1881–1882. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
- Klıer, John D. “The Ambiguous Legal Status of Russian Jewry in the Reign of Catherine II.” Slavic Review 35, No: 3, (September, 1976): 504-517.
- Löwe, Heinz-Dietrich. “Pogroms in Russia: Explanations, Comparisons, Suggestions.” Jewish Social Studies, New Series 11, No: 1 (Autumn, 2004): 16-24.
- Michael Stanislawski. Tsar Nicholas I and the Jews: The Transformation of Jewish Society in Russia, 1825-1855. Philadelphia: The Jevish Puplication Society of America, 1983.
- Öke, Mim Kemal. Siyonizm ve Filistin Sorunu (1881-1923). İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları, 2018.
- Prıtsak, Omeljan. “The Pogroms of 1881.” Harvard Ukrainian Studies 11, No: 1/2, (June 1987): 8-43.
- Rogger, Hans. “Government, Jews, Peasants, and Land in Post-Emancipation Russia: Two Specters: Peasant Violence and Jewish Exploitation.” Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique 17, No: 2-3, (1976): 171-211.
- Rogger, Hans. Jewish Policies and Right Wing Politics in Imperial Russia. Berkeley-California: Stanford University Press: 1985.
- Sımpson, Mark S.. “The "Svyaschonnaya Druzhina" and Jewish Persecution in Tsarist Russia,” New Zealand Slavonic Journal, No: 2, (1978): 17-26.
- Spitzer, Yannay. “Pogroms Networks and Migration: The Jewish Migration from the Russian Empire to the United States 1881–1914.” Brown University, (29 May 2015): url:https://yannayspitzer.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/spitzer_pogromsnetworksmigration_150529.pdf, erişim:21.01.2019.
- Weeks, Theodor R., “Russians, Jews, and Poles: Russification and Antisemitism 1881-1914.” Quest. Issues in Contemporary Jewish History, No: 3, (July, 2012) url: www.quest-cdecjournal.it/focus.phh?issue=3&id=308, erişim: 09.12.2018.
- Weinberg, Robert. “Visualizing Pogroms in Russian History.” Jewish History 12, No: 2, (Fall, 1998): 71-92.
- Wiese, Stefan. “"Spit Back with Bullets!" Emotions in Russia's Jewish Pogroms, 1881-1905.” Geschichte und Gesellschaft 39, H. 4, (Oktober-Dezember, 2013): 472-501.
Yıl 2019,
Sayı: 5, 33 - 58, 30.06.2019
Öz
XIX.
yüzyılda Çarlık Rusya’sında siyasi ve ideolojik karmaşalar, toplumsal
çatışmalar ve ekonomik iktidarsızlık toplumun her kesiminde isyan ve çatışma
ortamına dönüşmüştür. XIX. yüzyılda gayrı rus milletinin siyasi, sosyal ve
yaşamsal haklarının sınırlandırıldığı dönemde en büyük vahşete, pogromlarla Yahudi
toplumu maruz kalmıştır. Yahudiler, uygulanan pogromlar aracılığıyla sadece
devletin değil farklı bütün etnik unsurların hedefi haline gelmiştir. Rusya’da Yahudi
karşıtlığının ana gerekçesi dinsel ve kültürel farklılıklardan
kaynaklanmaktadır. Kültürlerini ve dinlerini koruyan Yahudiler, Çarlık rejimi
tarafından Ruslaştırma politikası çerçevesinde her zaman tehdit unsuru olarak
görülmüştür. 1881’de Rus Çarı II. Alexander’in suikastla öldürülmesi sonucu
yetkililer Yahudilerin de bu olayda parmağı olduğu iddiasıyla halkı kışkırtmıştır.
Öfkesi artan halk, ayırt etmeksizin bütün Yahudilere karşı şiddet ve zulüm
eylemlerine giriştiler. Pogromların hükümet kararıyla mı ya da halkın tepkisi
mi olduğu hala tartışılmaktadır. Bu tartışmalar neticesinde pogromların suçlusu
olarak halk ya da hükümeti tespit etmek oldukça zor olmakla birlikte; halkın
kin ve öfkesini hükümetin desteklemesi ya da kışkırtmasıyla pogrom dalgasının
yaşanmasına sebep olduğu açıktır.
Kaynakça
- Akdes, Nimet Kurat. Rusya Tarihi Başlangıçtan 1917'ye Kadar. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1987.
- Arad, Yitzhak. The Holocaust in the Soviet Union. ABD: University of Nebraska Press, 2009.
- Aronson, I. Michael. “Geographical and Socioeconomic Factors in the 1881 Anti-Jewish Pogroms in Russia.” The Russian Review 39, No:1, (1980): 18-31.
- Aronson, I. Michael. “The Attitudes of Russian Officials in the 1880s Toward Jewish Assimilation and Emigration.” Slavic Review 34, No: 1, (March, 1975): 1-18.
- Aronson, I. Michael. Troubled Waters. The Origins of the Anti-Jewish Pogroms in Russia. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1990.
- Berk, Stephen M. Year of Crisis, Year of Hope: Russian Jewry and the Pogroms of 1881-1882. Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 1985.
- Cassedy, Steven. “Russian-Jewish Intellectuals Confront the Pogroms of 1881: The Example of "Razsvet".” The Jewish Quarterly Review 84, No: 2/3, (October 1993-January 1994): 129-152.
- Dubnow, Simon. Hıstory of the Jews in Russıa and Poland, From the Begınnıng untıl the Death of Alexander I (1825). Vol: I, Trans: I. Frıedlaender. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1916.
- Dubnow, Simon. Hıstory of the Jews in Russıa and Poland, From the Death of Alexander I. until the Death of Alexander III. (1825-1894). Vol: II, Trans: I. Frıedlaender. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1918.
- Edelman, Josph. “The Centenary of Jewiah Immigration to the United States: 1881-1981.” Judaism 32, No: 2, (Spring 1983): 215-29.
- Gartner, Lloyd P. “The Great Jewısh Mıgratıon 1881-1914: Myths And Realıtıes.” Shofar 4, No: 2, (Winter, 1986): 12-21.
- Horowitz, Brian. Russian Idea Jewish Presence: Essays on Russian-Jewish Intellectual Life. Boston: Academic Studies Press, 2013.
- Kalik, Judith. Movable Inn: The Rural Jewish Population of Minsk Guberniya in 1793-1914. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2018.
- Klıer John D. -Shlomo Lambroza. Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History. Cambridge-New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
- Klıer, John D. “ ‘Popular Politics’ and the Jewish Question in the Russian Empire, 1881-2.” Jewish Historical Studies 33, (1992-1994): 175-185.
- Klıer, John D. “The Pogrom Paradigm in Russian History, Pogroms.” Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, (1992): 13-38.
- Klıer, John D. Imperial Russia's Jewish Question, 1855-188. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
- Klıer, John D. Russians, Jews, and the Pogroms of 1881–1882. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
- Klıer, John D. “The Ambiguous Legal Status of Russian Jewry in the Reign of Catherine II.” Slavic Review 35, No: 3, (September, 1976): 504-517.
- Löwe, Heinz-Dietrich. “Pogroms in Russia: Explanations, Comparisons, Suggestions.” Jewish Social Studies, New Series 11, No: 1 (Autumn, 2004): 16-24.
- Michael Stanislawski. Tsar Nicholas I and the Jews: The Transformation of Jewish Society in Russia, 1825-1855. Philadelphia: The Jevish Puplication Society of America, 1983.
- Öke, Mim Kemal. Siyonizm ve Filistin Sorunu (1881-1923). İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları, 2018.
- Prıtsak, Omeljan. “The Pogroms of 1881.” Harvard Ukrainian Studies 11, No: 1/2, (June 1987): 8-43.
- Rogger, Hans. “Government, Jews, Peasants, and Land in Post-Emancipation Russia: Two Specters: Peasant Violence and Jewish Exploitation.” Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique 17, No: 2-3, (1976): 171-211.
- Rogger, Hans. Jewish Policies and Right Wing Politics in Imperial Russia. Berkeley-California: Stanford University Press: 1985.
- Sımpson, Mark S.. “The "Svyaschonnaya Druzhina" and Jewish Persecution in Tsarist Russia,” New Zealand Slavonic Journal, No: 2, (1978): 17-26.
- Spitzer, Yannay. “Pogroms Networks and Migration: The Jewish Migration from the Russian Empire to the United States 1881–1914.” Brown University, (29 May 2015): url:https://yannayspitzer.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/spitzer_pogromsnetworksmigration_150529.pdf, erişim:21.01.2019.
- Weeks, Theodor R., “Russians, Jews, and Poles: Russification and Antisemitism 1881-1914.” Quest. Issues in Contemporary Jewish History, No: 3, (July, 2012) url: www.quest-cdecjournal.it/focus.phh?issue=3&id=308, erişim: 09.12.2018.
- Weinberg, Robert. “Visualizing Pogroms in Russian History.” Jewish History 12, No: 2, (Fall, 1998): 71-92.
- Wiese, Stefan. “"Spit Back with Bullets!" Emotions in Russia's Jewish Pogroms, 1881-1905.” Geschichte und Gesellschaft 39, H. 4, (Oktober-Dezember, 2013): 472-501.
Toplam 30 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | ARAŞTIRMA MAKALELERİ |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Haziran 2019 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 13 Şubat 2019 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2019Sayı: 5 |
- Makale Dosyaları
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