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Anadolu Ajansı ve Reuters Haberlerinde Savaşın Söylemsel İnşası: 7–14 Ekim 2023 Hamas–İsrail Çatışmasının Kriz İletişimi

Year 2025, Issue: 18, 305 - 338, 31.12.2025

Metin Erol

https://doi.org/10.34230/fiad.1825034

Abstract

Bu çalışma, İsrail’in 7 Ekim 2023 sonrasında Gazze’ye yönelik saldırıları özelinde haber söylemi üzerinden kriz iletişiminin nasıl kurulduğunu incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmanın odak noktası, Anadolu Ajansı ile Reuters’ın 7-14 Ekim 2023 tarihleri arasında yayımladığı haberler arasından seçilen 60 haberi, karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz etmektir. Yöntemsel olarak çalışmada, Anadolu Ajansı ve Reuters’ın 7-14 Ekim 2023 tarihleri arasındaki Gazze/Hamas/Filistin/İsrail içerikli haberleri Habermetre veri seti kullanılarak tespit edilmiştir. Reuters kaynaklı 573 haber, Anadolu Ajansı kaynaklı 516 haber çalışmanın evrenini oluşturmaktadır. Bu haberler içerisinden rastgele basit örneklem seçimi yapılarak belirlenen 60 haber Wordsmith programı aracılığıyla çözümlenerek kelime listeleri oluşturulacak ve kullanım sıklığı yüksek kelimelere ilişkin bağlam analizleri yapılarak, Anadolu Ajansı ve Reuters’ın haber çerçeveleri belirlenecektir. Bulgular, kriz iletişiminin bilgilendirme (informing), mağduriyet/dayanışma (victimisation/supportive), sorumluluk ve hesap verebilirlik (accountability) süreçleriyle ilişkilendirilerek yorumlanacaktır. Bu nedenle kriz iletişimi ve çerçeveleme kuramı çalışmanın teorik zeminini oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma literatüre dilsel veriye dayalı sistematik bir söylem analiziyle kriz iletişiminin nasıl kurulduğunu nicel ve nitel yöntemleri birleştirerek göstermesi açısından katkı sunmayı hedeflemektedir. Sonuç olarak bu makale, küresel krizlerde medyanın yalnızca bilgi aktaran bir araç değil, aynı zamanda gerçekliği anlamlandıran ve yeniden üreten bir aktör olduğunu ortaya koyacaktır.

Keywords

Filistin Gazze İsrail Kriz İletişimi Anadolu Ajansı ve Reuters

References

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  • Adıgüzel, Yusuf; Yılmaz, Muzaffer M., & Uybadın, Aynülhayat. “Türkiye’de İletişim Sosyolojisi Çalışmaları Üzerine Tarihsel Bir İnceleme”, Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi, Cilt XX, No: 39, Ocak 2022: 1-46.
  • Albaik, Zaher. “Filistin Basınında Türkiye Haberlerinin Ele Alınışı: Filistin Gazetesi Örneği.” Maltepe Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi 9, no. 1 (2022): 117-139.
  • Altuntaş, Zeynep. “Kriz İletişimi Bağlamında: Kahramanmaraş Depremi Özelinde Bir Araştırma.” XIII. International Conference on Social Research and Behavioral Sciences (Antalya/Türkiye, 2023): 266-272.
  • Amnesty International. “Israel/OPT: Israeli Organizations Conclude Israel Committing Genocide Against Palestinians in Gaza in Another Milestone for Accountability Efforts.” July 28, 2025. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2025/07/israel-opt-israeli-organizations-conclude-israel-committing-genocide-against-palestinians-in-gaza-in-another-milestone-for-accountability-efforts/.
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  • Bozkurt, Aras, Nazire Burçin Hamutoğlu, Ayşegül Liman Kaban, Gülşah Taşçı, and Mona Aykul. “Dijital Bilgi Çağı: Dijital Toplum, Dijital Dönüşüm, Dijital Eğitim ve Dijital Yeterlilikler.” Açıköğretim Uygulamaları ve Araştırmaları Dergisi 7, no. 2 (2021): 35–63.
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  • Erol, Metin. Koronavirüs Salgınında Kriz İletişimi. İstanbul: SETA Yayınları, 2020. https://media.setav.org/tr/dosya/2020/04/analiz-koronavirus-salgininda-kriz-iletisimi.pdf
  • Erol, Metin. “Afet Yönetiminde Afet İletişiminin Stratejik Önemi.” IMASCON 2025 Spring Proceedings (2025): 223–231.
  • Erol, Metin. “Siyasal Lider Olarak Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’ın 2023 Seçim Konuşmalarının İçerik, Söylem ve Çerçeveleme Analizi: WordSmith ile Nicel Bir İnceleme.” İletişim ve Diplomasi 14 (2025): 45-70.
  • Falkheimer, Jesper, and Mats Heide. “Multicultural Crisis Communication: Towards a Social-Constructionist Perspective.” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 14, no. 4 (2006): 180-189.
  • Genç, F. Neval. “Türkiye’de Askeri Müdahaleler ve Kriz Yönetimi.” Turkish Studies 12, no. 16 (2017): 219-240.
  • Gitlin, Todd. The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1980.
  • Habermetre. “About.” September 10, 2025. https://www.habermetre.com/.
  • Happer, Catherine, and Greg Philo. “The Role of the Media in the Construction of Public Belief and Social Change.” Journal of Social and Political Psychology 1, no. 1 (2013): 321–336. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v1i1.96.
  • Heath, Robert L. “Introduction: Crisis Communication: Defining the Beast and De-Marginalizing Key Publics.” In The Handbook of Crisis Communication, edited by W. Timothy Coombs and Sherry J. Holladay, 1–13. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
  • Heide, Mats, and Jesper Falkheimer. “Crisis Communicators in Change: From Plans to Improvisations.” In The Handbook of Crisis Communication, edited by W. Timothy Coombs and Sherry J. Holladay, 512. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
  • Hermann, Charles F. International Crises: Insights from Behavioral Research. New York: Free Press, 1972. İletişim Başkanlığı. “İletişim Başkanı Altun: ‘Anadolu Ajansı, Türkiye Yüzyılı’nda Yine Tarihî Bir Rol Oynayacak.’” September 23, 2023.
  • https://www.iletisim.gov.tr/turkce/haberler/detay/iletisim-baskani-altun-anadolu-ajansi-turkiye-yuzyilinda-yine-tarihi-bir-rol-oynayacak.
  • İletişim Başkanlığı, “Kurumsal”, December 12, 2025, https://www.iletisim.gov.tr/turkce
  • Karagöz, Serdar. “102. Yılında Anadolu Ajansı’nın Güçlenen Vizyonu.” Kriter Dergi, April 1, 2022. https://kriterdergi.com/medya-kritik/102-yilinda-anadolu-ajansinin-guclenen-vizyonu.
  • Mitra, Tanuj. “Social Construction of International News in India: Politics of International News Agencies.” Maltepe University Communication Faculty Journal 2, no. 2 (2015): 68-87.
  • Nader, Emir. “Israel Committing Genocide in Gaza, World's Leading Experts Say.” BBC, September 1, 2025. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cde3eyzdr63o.
  • Özarslan, Hüseyin & Güran, Mehmet S., "İletişim Araştırmalarında Çerçeveleme Paradigması: Son Döneme Ait Bir İnceleme", Selçuk İletişim Dergisi, Vol.: VIII, No: 4, 2015, ss: 32-48.
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  • Sahana, B. “Role of Media in Shaping Public Opinion.” International Journal of Arts Humanities & Social Sciences 1 (2025): 37–46.
  • Scott, Mike. “Comparing Corpora and Identifying Key Words, Collocations, and Frequency Distribution through the WordSmith Tools Suite of Computer Programs.” In Small Corpus Studies and ELT, edited by Mohsen Ghadessy, Alex Henry, and Robert L. Roseberry, 47–67. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, 2001.
  • Seeger, Matthew W., Timothy L. Sellnow, and Robert R. Ulmer. Communication and Organizational Crisis. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003.
  • Teke, Recep Tayyip. The Kurds of Northern Syria in Western Media: THE BBC AND VOA Coverage (20142018), Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara, 2020.
  • Tetik, Mustafa Onur. “Devlet Dışı Silahlı Aktörlerin Söylemsel İnşası: Amerikan Basınında YPG Örneği”, Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, Cilt: 21, Sayı: 50, 2025: 1-23.
  • Tuchman, Gaye. Making News: A Study in the Construction of Reality. New York: Free Press, 1978.
  • Türk, Mehmet Sezai. “Medyanın Gerçeklik İnşası ve Gerçeklik Algısı.” Düşünce Dünyasında Türkiz 5, no. 28 (2014): 9–32.
  • Tutar, Hasan. Kriz ve Stres Ortamında Yönetim. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2004.
  • United Nations. “Gaza Health System ‘Catastrophic’ with Hospitals Overwhelmed and Medicines Running Out, WHO Warns.” August 12, 2025. https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/08/1165631.
  • United Nations. “Gaza: Top Independent Rights Probe Alleges Israel Committed Genocide.” September 16, 2025. https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/09/1165856.
  • United Nations. “Gaza Health System Overwhelmed as WHO Reports 42,000 People Have Life-Changing Injuries.” October 2, 2025. https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/10/1166023.
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The Discursive Construction of War in Anadolu Agency and Reuters News: A Crisis Communication of the 7–14 October, 2023, Hamas–Israel Conflict

Year 2025, Issue: 18, 305 - 338, 31.12.2025

Metin Erol

https://doi.org/10.34230/fiad.1825034

Abstract

This study aims to examine how crisis communication is constructed through news discourse in the context of Israel’s attacks on Gaza following October 7, 2023. The primary focus is a comparative analysis of sixty news reports selected from those published by Anadolu Agency and Reuters between 7–14 October 2023. Methodologically, news reports related to Gaza, Hamas, Palestine, and Israel published by the two agencies within the specified period were identified using the Habermetre dataset. In total, 573 Reuters reports and 516 Anadolu Agency reports constitute the study population. From this corpus, sixty reports were selected through simple random sampling and analyzed using the Wordsmith software to generate word lists; concordance analyses of the most frequently occurring words were then conducted to determine the framing strategies adopted by both agencies. The findings will be interpreted in relation to key processes of crisis communication—informing, victimisation/supportive communication, and accountability. Accordingly, crisis communication and framing theory provide the theoretical foundation of the study. The research aims to contribute to the literature by demonstrating, through a systematic discourse analysis based on linguistic data, how crisis communication is constructed through the integration of quantitative and qualitative methods. Ultimately, the article argues that in global crises, the media function not merely as channels of information dissemination but also as actors that interpret and reproduce social reality.

Keywords

Palestine Gaza Israel Crisis Communication Disaster Communication Anadolu Agency Reuters

References

  • Abu Aisha, Nour. “Poor Living Conditions Trigger Mass Migration from Gaza.” Anadolu Agency, October 6, 2023. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/poor-living-conditions-trigger-mass-migration-from-gaza/3009581.
  • Adıgüzel, Yusuf; Yılmaz, Muzaffer M., & Uybadın, Aynülhayat. “Türkiye’de İletişim Sosyolojisi Çalışmaları Üzerine Tarihsel Bir İnceleme”, Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi, Cilt XX, No: 39, Ocak 2022: 1-46.
  • Albaik, Zaher. “Filistin Basınında Türkiye Haberlerinin Ele Alınışı: Filistin Gazetesi Örneği.” Maltepe Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi 9, no. 1 (2022): 117-139.
  • Altuntaş, Zeynep. “Kriz İletişimi Bağlamında: Kahramanmaraş Depremi Özelinde Bir Araştırma.” XIII. International Conference on Social Research and Behavioral Sciences (Antalya/Türkiye, 2023): 266-272.
  • Amnesty International. “Israel/OPT: Israeli Organizations Conclude Israel Committing Genocide Against Palestinians in Gaza in Another Milestone for Accountability Efforts.” July 28, 2025. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2025/07/israel-opt-israeli-organizations-conclude-israel-committing-genocide-against-palestinians-in-gaza-in-another-milestone-for-accountability-efforts/.
  • Anadolu Ajansı. “İsrail'in Gazze'ye Saldırılarında Can Kaybı 69 Bin 179’a Yükseldi.” Anadolu Ajansı, November 10, 2025. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/israilin-gazzeye-saldirilarinda-can-kaybi-69-bin-179-a-yukseldi/3739727.
  • Anadolu Ajansı. “Tarihçe.” July 2, 2025. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/p/tarihce.
  • Anadolu Ajansı, “Künye”, December 12, 2025, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/p/kunye
  • Aydemir, Emrah. “Kriz İletişimi ve Kriz Yönetimi.” In Kamu Kurumlarında Halkla İlişkiler, edited by Hasan Altıncık, 153. Konya: Eğitim Yayınevi-Bilimsel Eserler.
  • Aydemir, Emrah. “Uluslararası Krizlerde Kriz İletişimi ve Uygulaması.” SÜ İİBF Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi 5, no. 10 (2005): 204-231.
  • Baechler, Curt. “Looking beyond the Immediate Crisis Response: Analyzing the Organizational Culture to Understand the Crisis.” Journal of the Association for Communication Administration 24, no. 1 (1995): 15–27.
  • Baker, Paul, Andrew Hardie, and Tony McEnery. A Glossary of Corpus Linguistics. UK: Edinburgh University Press, 2006.
  • Bielsа, Esperança. “The Pivotal Role of News Agencies in the Context of Globalization: A Historical Approach.” Global Networks 8, no. 3 (2008): 347-366.
  • Bozkurt, Aras, Nazire Burçin Hamutoğlu, Ayşegül Liman Kaban, Gülşah Taşçı, and Mona Aykul. “Dijital Bilgi Çağı: Dijital Toplum, Dijital Dönüşüm, Dijital Eğitim ve Dijital Yeterlilikler.” Açıköğretim Uygulamaları ve Araştırmaları Dergisi 7, no. 2 (2021): 35–63.
  • Burke, Jason. “‘Direct Evidence of Genocidal Intent’: The UN Commission of Inquiry’s Report on Israel’s Actions in Gaza.” The Guardian, September 16, 2025. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/sep/16/un-commission-of-inquiry-report-israel-gaza-legal-analysis-genocide-accusation.
  • Coombs, W. Timothy. Ongoing Crisis Communication: Planning, Managing, and Responding. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1999.
  • Comfort, Louise K. “Crisis Management in Hindsight: Cognition, Communication, Coordination, and Control.” Public Administration Review 67 (2007): 189-197.
  • Council of Europe / Engblom, Annicka. “The Role of the Media in Times of Crises.” Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, December 2, 2021. https://assembly.coe.int/LifeRay/CULT/Pdf/TextesProvisoires/2021/20211202-MediaTimesCrisis-EN.pdf.
  • Dinçer, Ömer. Stratejik Yönetim ve İşletme Politikası. İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları, 1992.
  • Engblom, Annicka. “The Role of the Media in Times of Crises.” Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, December 2, 2021. https://assembly.coe.int/LifeRay/CULT/Pdf/TextesProvisoires/2021/20211202-MediaTimesCrisis-EN.pdf
  • Entman, Robert M. “Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm.” Journal of Communication 43 (1993): 51–58.
  • Erol, Metin. Koronavirüs Salgınında Kriz İletişimi. İstanbul: SETA Yayınları, 2020. https://media.setav.org/tr/dosya/2020/04/analiz-koronavirus-salgininda-kriz-iletisimi.pdf
  • Erol, Metin. “Afet Yönetiminde Afet İletişiminin Stratejik Önemi.” IMASCON 2025 Spring Proceedings (2025): 223–231.
  • Erol, Metin. “Siyasal Lider Olarak Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’ın 2023 Seçim Konuşmalarının İçerik, Söylem ve Çerçeveleme Analizi: WordSmith ile Nicel Bir İnceleme.” İletişim ve Diplomasi 14 (2025): 45-70.
  • Falkheimer, Jesper, and Mats Heide. “Multicultural Crisis Communication: Towards a Social-Constructionist Perspective.” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 14, no. 4 (2006): 180-189.
  • Genç, F. Neval. “Türkiye’de Askeri Müdahaleler ve Kriz Yönetimi.” Turkish Studies 12, no. 16 (2017): 219-240.
  • Gitlin, Todd. The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1980.
  • Habermetre. “About.” September 10, 2025. https://www.habermetre.com/.
  • Happer, Catherine, and Greg Philo. “The Role of the Media in the Construction of Public Belief and Social Change.” Journal of Social and Political Psychology 1, no. 1 (2013): 321–336. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v1i1.96.
  • Heath, Robert L. “Introduction: Crisis Communication: Defining the Beast and De-Marginalizing Key Publics.” In The Handbook of Crisis Communication, edited by W. Timothy Coombs and Sherry J. Holladay, 1–13. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
  • Heide, Mats, and Jesper Falkheimer. “Crisis Communicators in Change: From Plans to Improvisations.” In The Handbook of Crisis Communication, edited by W. Timothy Coombs and Sherry J. Holladay, 512. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
  • Hermann, Charles F. International Crises: Insights from Behavioral Research. New York: Free Press, 1972. İletişim Başkanlığı. “İletişim Başkanı Altun: ‘Anadolu Ajansı, Türkiye Yüzyılı’nda Yine Tarihî Bir Rol Oynayacak.’” September 23, 2023.
  • https://www.iletisim.gov.tr/turkce/haberler/detay/iletisim-baskani-altun-anadolu-ajansi-turkiye-yuzyilinda-yine-tarihi-bir-rol-oynayacak.
  • İletişim Başkanlığı, “Kurumsal”, December 12, 2025, https://www.iletisim.gov.tr/turkce
  • Karagöz, Serdar. “102. Yılında Anadolu Ajansı’nın Güçlenen Vizyonu.” Kriter Dergi, April 1, 2022. https://kriterdergi.com/medya-kritik/102-yilinda-anadolu-ajansinin-guclenen-vizyonu.
  • Mitra, Tanuj. “Social Construction of International News in India: Politics of International News Agencies.” Maltepe University Communication Faculty Journal 2, no. 2 (2015): 68-87.
  • Nader, Emir. “Israel Committing Genocide in Gaza, World's Leading Experts Say.” BBC, September 1, 2025. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cde3eyzdr63o.
  • Özarslan, Hüseyin & Güran, Mehmet S., "İletişim Araştırmalarında Çerçeveleme Paradigması: Son Döneme Ait Bir İnceleme", Selçuk İletişim Dergisi, Vol.: VIII, No: 4, 2015, ss: 32-48.
  • Reuters. “About.” June 25, 2025. https://www.reuters.com/.
  • Reuters. “Reuters Professional.” June 30, 2025. https://www.reutersprofessional.com/reuters-plus-studio/p/1.
  • Sahana, B. “Role of Media in Shaping Public Opinion.” International Journal of Arts Humanities & Social Sciences 1 (2025): 37–46.
  • Scott, Mike. “Comparing Corpora and Identifying Key Words, Collocations, and Frequency Distribution through the WordSmith Tools Suite of Computer Programs.” In Small Corpus Studies and ELT, edited by Mohsen Ghadessy, Alex Henry, and Robert L. Roseberry, 47–67. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, 2001.
  • Seeger, Matthew W., Timothy L. Sellnow, and Robert R. Ulmer. Communication and Organizational Crisis. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003.
  • Teke, Recep Tayyip. The Kurds of Northern Syria in Western Media: THE BBC AND VOA Coverage (20142018), Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara, 2020.
  • Tetik, Mustafa Onur. “Devlet Dışı Silahlı Aktörlerin Söylemsel İnşası: Amerikan Basınında YPG Örneği”, Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, Cilt: 21, Sayı: 50, 2025: 1-23.
  • Tuchman, Gaye. Making News: A Study in the Construction of Reality. New York: Free Press, 1978.
  • Türk, Mehmet Sezai. “Medyanın Gerçeklik İnşası ve Gerçeklik Algısı.” Düşünce Dünyasında Türkiz 5, no. 28 (2014): 9–32.
  • Tutar, Hasan. Kriz ve Stres Ortamında Yönetim. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2004.
  • United Nations. “Gaza Health System ‘Catastrophic’ with Hospitals Overwhelmed and Medicines Running Out, WHO Warns.” August 12, 2025. https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/08/1165631.
  • United Nations. “Gaza: Top Independent Rights Probe Alleges Israel Committed Genocide.” September 16, 2025. https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/09/1165856.
  • United Nations. “Gaza Health System Overwhelmed as WHO Reports 42,000 People Have Life-Changing Injuries.” October 2, 2025. https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/10/1166023.
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There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Culture, Representation and Identity, Cultural Studies (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Metin Erol 0000-0003-1987-1503

Submission Date November 16, 2025
Acceptance Date December 26, 2025
Publication Date December 31, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: 18

Cite

Chicago Erol, Metin. “The Discursive Construction of War in Anadolu Agency and Reuters News: A Crisis Communication of the 7–14 October, 2023, Hamas–Israel Conflict”. Filistin Araştırmaları Dergisi, no. 18 (December 2025): 305-38. https://doi.org/10.34230/fiad.1825034.

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Filistin Araştırmaları Dergisi- FAD

[Bulletin of Palestine Studies]

[כתב העת ללימודים פלסטיניים]

[مجلة دراسات فلسطينية ]

ISSN: 2587-2532

E-ISSN 2587-1862 

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