Öz
When religious terrorism is in question, the first thing that comes to mind is “Islamic” terrorism. It is seen that this phenomenon, which is identified with Islam, is not specific to it but other religious communities also use and legitimize terrorist acts through religious discourse. One of the best examples of this is Religious Jewish Terrorism. Religious Jewish Terrorism, relatively similar to the thought of Islamic radical terrorist organizations, has been strengthened by the power of the right in Israel since 1977. Religious Jewish Terrorism, legitimizing the right to terrorism by referring to the Jewish religious law, Halakha, regards all kinds of acts of violence against Arabs as legitimate and it has a structure that aims at Mesianism and Jewish liberation. Within this framework, terrorist organizations against Palestinians have been carried out for a long time and various organizations have been established. However, there is not much information about these organizations and their actions in the literature. Religious Jewish Terrorism is either overshadowed by terrorist organizations that are effective in the establishment of the state or other religious terrorism movements. Therefore, this study deals with the problems such as the origins of religious terrorism, doctrine, legitimacy discourse, effectiveness, and man recruiting methods in Israel. Finally, it analyses Al-Halil atttack and the assassination of Rabin, which constituted the peak of Religious Jewish Terrorism.
Kaynakça
- Afterman, Adam Gedaliah Afterman, “Meir Kahane and Comtemporary Jewish Theology of Revenge”, An Interdidciplinary Journal, Vol. 98, No. 2, 2015, ss. 197-217. Armaoğlu, Fahir, Filistin Meselesi ve Arap-İsrail Savaşları (1948-1988),İstanbul: Kronik Yayınları, 2017.Balcı, Ali, “İsrail Sorunu: Ortadoğu’nun Gordion Düğümü”, Dünya Çatışmaları: Çatışma Bölgeleri ve Konuları, Ed.: Kemal İnat, Burhanettin Duran ve Muhittin Ataman, İstanbul: Nobel Yayıncılık, 2010, ss. 99-163.Bermanis, Shai, Dephna Cannetti-Nisim, Amir Pedahzur, “Religious Fundamentalism and extreme rith-wing camp in Israel”, Patterns of Prejudice, Vol. 38, No. 2, (2004), ss. 159-176.Bunzl, John, Barış Hareketleriyle Konuşmalar: Öteki İsrail, İstanbul: Metis Yayınları, 1988.Filkins, Dexter, “Shot in the Heart: When Yitzhak Rabin was killed, did the prospects for peace perish, too?”, The New Yorker, 25 October, 2015. Friedman, Robert I., “Inside the Jewish Terrorist Underground”, Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Winter 1986), ss. 190-201.Friedman, Robert I., The False Prophet: Rabbi Meir Kahane: From FBI Informant to Knesset Member, London: Lawrence Hill Books, 1990.Gürkan, Salime Leyla, Yahudilik, İstanbul: İSAM Yayınları, 2017.Hoffman, Bruce, Inside Terrorism, New York: Columbia University Press, 2006, s. 88.İsrail Siyasetini Anlama Kılavuzu, Ed.: Uufuk Ulutaş ve diğerleri, Ankara: SETA, Aralık 2012. Johnson, Paul, Yahudi Tarihi, Çev.: Filiz Orman, Pozitif Yayınları.Juergensmeyer, Mark, Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence, Berkeley: University of Calfornia Press, 2000.“Kach, Kahane Chai (Israel extremists)”, Council on Foreign Relations, 20 March 2008.Kahane, Rabbi Meir, Never Again, A Program for Survival, BN Press, 2009. Kahane, Rabbi Meir, The Ideology of Kach the Authentic Jewish Idea, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2012.Kahane, Rabbi Meir, The Story of the Jewish Defence League, BN Press, 2008.Kahane, Rabbi Meir, They Must Go, CreateSpace Independent Press, 2012. Khalifa, Ahmed, “Terrorism in Israel”, Journal of Palaestine Studies, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Autumn 1984), ss. 152-157. “Israel Bans Kach, Kahane Chai cititng them as Terrorist group”, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 14 March 1994. Murphy, Dean E., “Terror Label No Hindrance to Anti-Arab Jewish Group”, The New York Times, 19 Dec. 2000. Odhiambo, Elijah O. S., “Religious Fundamentalism and Terrorism”, Journal of Global Peace and Conflict, Vol. 2, No.1, (June 2014), ss. 187-205.Oruç, Haydar, “Sekülerlikten Radikalleşmeye: İsrail’in Kurucu Felsefesinde Konstrüktivist Dönüşüm”, Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, Vol. 4, No. 1, (2017), ss. 158-188.Pappe, Ilan, Modern Filistin Tarihi, Çev.: Nuri Plümer, Ankara: Phoenix Yayınevi, 2007.Pedahzur, Ami & Arie Perliger, Jewish Terrorism in Israel, New York: Columbia University Press, 2011. Pedahzur, Ami, “Strugglingwith the Challenge of Rigth-Wing extremism and Terrorism within Democratic Boundaries: A Comparative Analysis”, Studies in Conflict &Terrorism, 24, (2001), ss. 339-359.Pedahzur, Ami, “The Silent Victory of the Israeli Settlers”, Current History, December 2014. ss. 1-10. Pedahzur, Amir, “The Fourt Wave: Comparison of Jewish and other manifestations of religious terrorim”, Terrorism, Identity and Legitimacy, Ed.: Jean E. Rosenfeld, London: Routledge, 2010, ss. 103-111.Piterberg, Gabriel, Siyonizmin Dönüşleri: Mitler, Siyaset ve İsrail’de Araştırmacılık, Çev.: Aysun Babacan, İstanbul: İthaki Yayınları, 2015.Rapoport, David C., “Messianic Sanctions for Terror”, Comparative Politics, Vol. 20, No. 2, (Jan., 1988), pp. 195-213.Shahak, Israel Norton Mezvinsky, İsrail’de Yahudi Fundamentalizmi, İstanbul: Düşün Yayıncılık, 2015.Shipler, David K., “Anti-Arab Vilolence Sets off Debate in Israel”, The New York Times, 1984.Spinzak, Ehud, “Fundamentalism, Terrorism and Democracy: The Case of the Gush Emunim Underground”, https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/field_document/ACLURM018956.pdfSprinzak, Ehud, Fundamentalism, Terrorism and Democracy: The Case of Gush Emunim Underground, Washington: Wilson Center, 1986.Sprinzak, Ehud, “Extremism and Violence in Israel: The Crisis of Messianic Politics”, The Annals of American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 555, (Jan., 1988), ss. 114-126.Şami, Abdullah, Din Devleti İsrail, İstanbul: İlke Yayıncılık, 2002.The Karp Report. An Israeli Government inquiry into setler violence against Palestinians on the West Bank, Washington, Institute for Palestine Studies, 1984.Watkings, Emily Bluma, On the Bonder of Fire: Origins of the National Religious Settler Movement in Israel, 2010.Weisburd, David, Jewish Settler Violence: Deviance as Social Reaction, The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1989.Winther, Judith, “Rabbi Avraham Yizhak HaCohen Kook: Between Exile and Messianic Redemption”, Nor-disk Judaistik, 9(2), (Finland-1988): 69-81.
Öz
Genel olarak dini terörizm denildiğinde ilk akla gelen
“İslami” terörizm olmaktadır. İslam ile özdeşleşen bu olgunun tikel olmadığını,
başka dini topluklarında dini söylemler üzerinde terörizme başvurduğu ve yine
dini söylem üzerinden terör eylemlerini meşrulaştırdığı görülmektedir. Bunun en
iyi örneklerinden bir tanesi ise Dini Yahudi Terörizmidir. İslami radikal terör
örgütlerinin düşüncesine nispeten benzeyen Dini Yahudi Terörü, özellikle 1977’den
itibaren İsrail’de sağın iktidarı ile güç kazanmıştır. Dini Yahudi Terörü,
Teritoryal bir hakimiyet yani Eretz Israil üzerinde tam hak iddiasından
güç alan, Yahudi olmayanlara karşı, özelliklede Araplara, sert bir tutum
takınan, Araplara karşı her türlü şiddet eylemini meşru olarak gören ve Yahudi
dini yasası olan Halakha’ya atıfla terör eylemlerini meşrulaştıran, Mesiyanizm
ve Yahudi kurtuluşunu hedefleyen bir yapıya sahiptir. Bu çerçevede uzun bir
süre Filistinlilere karşı terör eylemlerine gerçekleştirilmiş ve çeşitli
örgütler kurulmuştur. Fakat literatürde bu örgütler ve eylemleri hakkında fazla
bir bilgi bulunamamaktadır; ya devletin kuruluşunda etkili olan terör
örgütlerinin ya da diğer dini terörizm hareketlerinin gölgesinde kalmaktadır.
Bu nedenle bu çalışma, İsrail’de Dini terörizmin kökenleri, doktrini, meşruiyet
söylemleri, etkinliği, adam devşirme yöntemleri gibi sorunsalları ele
almaktadır. Bununla birlikte bu sorunsalları Dini Yahudi Terörizm’in zirve
yaptığı el-Halil saldırısı ve Rabin suikastını gerçekleştiren “teröristler”
üzerinden değerlendirmeyi hedeflemektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Afterman, Adam Gedaliah Afterman, “Meir Kahane and Comtemporary Jewish Theology of Revenge”, An Interdidciplinary Journal, Vol. 98, No. 2, 2015, ss. 197-217. Armaoğlu, Fahir, Filistin Meselesi ve Arap-İsrail Savaşları (1948-1988),İstanbul: Kronik Yayınları, 2017.Balcı, Ali, “İsrail Sorunu: Ortadoğu’nun Gordion Düğümü”, Dünya Çatışmaları: Çatışma Bölgeleri ve Konuları, Ed.: Kemal İnat, Burhanettin Duran ve Muhittin Ataman, İstanbul: Nobel Yayıncılık, 2010, ss. 99-163.Bermanis, Shai, Dephna Cannetti-Nisim, Amir Pedahzur, “Religious Fundamentalism and extreme rith-wing camp in Israel”, Patterns of Prejudice, Vol. 38, No. 2, (2004), ss. 159-176.Bunzl, John, Barış Hareketleriyle Konuşmalar: Öteki İsrail, İstanbul: Metis Yayınları, 1988.Filkins, Dexter, “Shot in the Heart: When Yitzhak Rabin was killed, did the prospects for peace perish, too?”, The New Yorker, 25 October, 2015. Friedman, Robert I., “Inside the Jewish Terrorist Underground”, Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Winter 1986), ss. 190-201.Friedman, Robert I., The False Prophet: Rabbi Meir Kahane: From FBI Informant to Knesset Member, London: Lawrence Hill Books, 1990.Gürkan, Salime Leyla, Yahudilik, İstanbul: İSAM Yayınları, 2017.Hoffman, Bruce, Inside Terrorism, New York: Columbia University Press, 2006, s. 88.İsrail Siyasetini Anlama Kılavuzu, Ed.: Uufuk Ulutaş ve diğerleri, Ankara: SETA, Aralık 2012. Johnson, Paul, Yahudi Tarihi, Çev.: Filiz Orman, Pozitif Yayınları.Juergensmeyer, Mark, Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence, Berkeley: University of Calfornia Press, 2000.“Kach, Kahane Chai (Israel extremists)”, Council on Foreign Relations, 20 March 2008.Kahane, Rabbi Meir, Never Again, A Program for Survival, BN Press, 2009. Kahane, Rabbi Meir, The Ideology of Kach the Authentic Jewish Idea, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2012.Kahane, Rabbi Meir, The Story of the Jewish Defence League, BN Press, 2008.Kahane, Rabbi Meir, They Must Go, CreateSpace Independent Press, 2012. Khalifa, Ahmed, “Terrorism in Israel”, Journal of Palaestine Studies, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Autumn 1984), ss. 152-157. “Israel Bans Kach, Kahane Chai cititng them as Terrorist group”, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 14 March 1994. Murphy, Dean E., “Terror Label No Hindrance to Anti-Arab Jewish Group”, The New York Times, 19 Dec. 2000. Odhiambo, Elijah O. S., “Religious Fundamentalism and Terrorism”, Journal of Global Peace and Conflict, Vol. 2, No.1, (June 2014), ss. 187-205.Oruç, Haydar, “Sekülerlikten Radikalleşmeye: İsrail’in Kurucu Felsefesinde Konstrüktivist Dönüşüm”, Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, Vol. 4, No. 1, (2017), ss. 158-188.Pappe, Ilan, Modern Filistin Tarihi, Çev.: Nuri Plümer, Ankara: Phoenix Yayınevi, 2007.Pedahzur, Ami & Arie Perliger, Jewish Terrorism in Israel, New York: Columbia University Press, 2011. Pedahzur, Ami, “Strugglingwith the Challenge of Rigth-Wing extremism and Terrorism within Democratic Boundaries: A Comparative Analysis”, Studies in Conflict &Terrorism, 24, (2001), ss. 339-359.Pedahzur, Ami, “The Silent Victory of the Israeli Settlers”, Current History, December 2014. ss. 1-10. Pedahzur, Amir, “The Fourt Wave: Comparison of Jewish and other manifestations of religious terrorim”, Terrorism, Identity and Legitimacy, Ed.: Jean E. Rosenfeld, London: Routledge, 2010, ss. 103-111.Piterberg, Gabriel, Siyonizmin Dönüşleri: Mitler, Siyaset ve İsrail’de Araştırmacılık, Çev.: Aysun Babacan, İstanbul: İthaki Yayınları, 2015.Rapoport, David C., “Messianic Sanctions for Terror”, Comparative Politics, Vol. 20, No. 2, (Jan., 1988), pp. 195-213.Shahak, Israel Norton Mezvinsky, İsrail’de Yahudi Fundamentalizmi, İstanbul: Düşün Yayıncılık, 2015.Shipler, David K., “Anti-Arab Vilolence Sets off Debate in Israel”, The New York Times, 1984.Spinzak, Ehud, “Fundamentalism, Terrorism and Democracy: The Case of the Gush Emunim Underground”, https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/field_document/ACLURM018956.pdfSprinzak, Ehud, Fundamentalism, Terrorism and Democracy: The Case of Gush Emunim Underground, Washington: Wilson Center, 1986.Sprinzak, Ehud, “Extremism and Violence in Israel: The Crisis of Messianic Politics”, The Annals of American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 555, (Jan., 1988), ss. 114-126.Şami, Abdullah, Din Devleti İsrail, İstanbul: İlke Yayıncılık, 2002.The Karp Report. An Israeli Government inquiry into setler violence against Palestinians on the West Bank, Washington, Institute for Palestine Studies, 1984.Watkings, Emily Bluma, On the Bonder of Fire: Origins of the National Religious Settler Movement in Israel, 2010.Weisburd, David, Jewish Settler Violence: Deviance as Social Reaction, The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1989.Winther, Judith, “Rabbi Avraham Yizhak HaCohen Kook: Between Exile and Messianic Redemption”, Nor-disk Judaistik, 9(2), (Finland-1988): 69-81.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | ARAŞTIRMA MAKALELERİ |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 31 Aralık 2018 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 10 Kasım 2018 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2018Sayı: 4 |
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