Abstract
Zionism is a movement of thought and social trend that emerged in Europe in the mid-19th century as a product of anti-Semitism rooted in Christianity. The ideology of Zionism aims to establish a state for Jews and ensure that they live freely in their own state. Although this movement came to the agenda among Jews in Europe in the 19th century, when some religious doctrines are taken into account, Judaism is naturally inclined to this idea. It is observed that some Jewish clergymen gave sermons in this direction and began to voice this view in the early 19th century. On the other hand, the role of Christian Zionism in spreading the idea of Zionism among Jews is a separate subject worth investigating.
Not all Jews share the views and ideals of Zionism. There are Zionist Jews as well as anti-Zionist Jews. Some Jews are unresponsive to Zionism and do not stand with it or against it.
Jews who oppose Zionism are not a single community. They are in the form of different groups and organizations, and each has different motivations and arguments to a certain extent. When classifying Anti-Zionist Jews in terms of their ideological positions, religious and secular camps can be mentioned. Those belonging to the religious camp maintain a distant stance by claiming that Zionism is oppositional in Jewish tradition. Those in the non-religious camp have shown serious reactions because the imperialist and colonialist nature and practices of Zionism are incompatible with humanist values. In addition, some belonging to this camp have based their rhetoric on the closeness of Jewish Zionist leaders to Christian Zionists and have opposed Zionism with nationalist feelings. In short, the attitude of Jews opposing Zionism has been determined not only by religious and nationalist feelings but also by humanist approaches. Apart from this, it should be pointed out that the movement called Cultural Zionism, which defends the revival of Jewish spiritual and cultural values, although it opposes the aim of establishing a state in Palestinian lands with the method adopted by Political Zionism, is also opposed to Zionism, which represents the main body, due to its difference in method.
Keywords
References
- Adler, Michael. “Julian and the Jews.” The Jewish Quarterly Review 5. no 4 (1893): 591-651.
- Avi-Yonah, Michael. The Jews of Palestine: a political history from Bar Kokhba war to the Arab conquest. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publisher, 1976.
- Avni, Gideon. “The Persian conquest of Jerusalem (614 c.e.) - an archaeological assessment.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no 357 (2010), 35-48.
- Emperor and author: the writings of Julian ‘the Apostate’. edited by Nicholas B. Brian ve dğr., Swansea: The Classical Press of Wales, 2012.
- Comay, Joan. Who’s who in Jewish history after the period of the Old Testament. Abingdon: Routledge, 2023.
- Demosthenos, Areti. “Jews and Muslims in Cyprus: positive aspects of coexistance.” in Jewish-Muslim relations: historical and contemporary interactions and exchanges, edited by Ednan Aslan ve dğr. 177-198. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 2019.
- Drijvers, Jan Willem. “Barsauma, Eudocia, Jerusalem and the Temple Mount.” in The wandering holy man: the life of Barsauma Christian Asceticism and Religious Conflict in Late Antique Palestine. edited by Johannes Hahn ve dğr., 89-102. Oakland: University of California Press, 2020.
- Edelheit, Hershel, and Edelheit, Abraham J. History of Zionism: a handbook and dictionary. Abingdon: Routledge, 2019.
- Eroğlu, Ahmet Hikmet. “16. yüzyılda Osmanlı devletinde efsanevi bir Yahudi: Yasef Nasi.” Tüm Yönleriyle Yahudilik. Ankara: Dinler Tarihi Derneği Yayınları, 2012, 719-731.
- Ewald, Heinrich. The history of Israel, VIII: the post apostolic age. Translated by J.F. Smith. London: Longmans Green, 1886.
- Fuks, Alexander. “Aspects of the Jewish Revolt in A.D. 115-117.”, The Journal of Roman Studies 51. no 1-2 (1961): 98-104.
- Ginsbury, Philip, and Cutler, Raphael. The phases of Jewish history. Israel: Devora Publishing, 2005.
- Goodman, Martin. “Trajan and the origins of Roman hostility to the Jews.” Past & Present. no 182 (2004): 3-29.
- Graetz, H. History of the Jews: from the reign of Hyrcanus to the complition of the Babylonian Talmud II.
- Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1902.
- Har-El, Menashe. Golden Jerusalem. Jerusalem: Gefen, 2004.
- Hasanoğlu, Eldar ve Arslantaş, Nuh, Kudüs: vahiyle kutsanan şehir. İstanbul: Albaraka, 2021.
- Hasanoğlu, Eldar. “Anti-Zionist Jews: their views and activities.” in Al-Aqsa Flood: a turning point in Middle Eastern politics. edited by Muhittin Ataman, 287-302. Ankara: SETA, 2024.
- Hasanoğlu, Eldar. “Yahudiler Siyonizm’i Hıristiyanlardan mı aldılar?.” Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 1. no 9 (2022): 117-154.
- Horowitz, Elliott. “The vengeance of the Jews was stronger than their avarice: modern historians and the Persian Conquest of Jerusalem in 614.” Jewish Social Studies 4. no 2 (1998): 1-39.
- Kaplony, Andreas. The Haram of Jerusalem 324-1099: temple, friday mosque, area of spiritual power. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2002.
- Kaufman, Menahem. An ambigious partnership: Non-Zionists and Zionists in America 1939-1948. Jerusalem: The Magnes Press, 1991.
- Kolsky, Thomas A. Jews against Zionism. Philadelphia: Tmeple University Press, 1990.
- Kurt, Ali Osman. “Anti-Siyonist Yahudiler: Neturei Karta ve İsrail siyasetindeki yeri.” Bütün Yönleriyle Yahudilik. Ankara: Dinler Tarihi Derneği Yayınları, 2012, 399-420.
- Küçük, Abdurrahman. “Yahudilikdeki Arz-ı Mev’ûd anlayışının boyutları.” Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi. no 33 (1992): 101-111.
- Medding, Peter Y. “Patterns of political organization and leadership in contemporary Jewish communities.” Kinship and consent: the Jewish political tradition and its contemporary uses. edited by Daniel J. Elazar. Lanham: University Press of America, 1983.
- Menze, Volker. “The dark side of holiness: Barsauma the ‘roasted’ and the invention of a Jewish Jerusalem.” Motions of late antiquity: essays on relgion, politics and society in honour of Peter Brown. edited by Jamie Kreiner ve dğr., 231-247. Turnhout: Brepols, 2016.
- Novenson, Matthew V. “Why does R. Akiba acclaim Bar Kokhba as Messiah?.” Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Period 40. no 4-5 (2009), 551-572.
- Özalkan, Seda. “Yahudilerin Siyonizm karşıtlığı.” YL tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi Ortadoğu ve İslam Ülkeleri Araştırmaları Enstitüsü, 2017.
- Özcan, Şevket. “Yahudi dualarında Kudüs., Hitit Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 18. no 35 (2019): 23-47.
- Powell, Lindsay. The Bar Kokhba War AD 132– 136: the last Jewish revolt against imperial Rome. Bloomsbury: Bloomsbury USA Publishing, 2017.
- Rabkin, Yakov M. A threat from within a century of Jewish opposition to Zionism. London - New York: Zed Books, 2006.
- Rafael Medoff, and Waxman, Chaim I. Historical dictionary of Zionism. Lanham: The Scarecrow Press, 2008.
- Safran, William. “The diaspora and the homeland: reciprocities, transformations and role reversals.” Transnationalism: Diasporas and the Advent of a New (Dis)order. edited by Eliezer Ben Rafael and Yitzhak Sternberg, 75-99. Leiden: Brill, 2009.
- Schafer, Peter. The history of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World. London: Routledge, 2003.
- Schoeps, H. Julius. Pioneers of Judaism: Hess, Pinsker, Rülf. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2013.
- Schürer, Emil. A history of the Jewish people, II: political history of Palestine from B.C. 175 to A.D. 135. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1924.
- Sivan, Hagith. Palestine in late antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
- Sokolow, Nahum. The history of Zionism: 1600-1918. London: Longmans, 1919, I.
- Stemberger, Gunter. Jews and Christians in the Holy Land: Palestine in the fourth century. Translated by Ruth Tuschling. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 2000.
- Şenay, Bülent. Christian Zionism, theopolitics and Biblical myth-making. Bucuresti: Bucharest University Press, 2021.
- The life of the Syrian saint Barsauma: eulogy of a hero of the resistance to the Council of Chalcedon. Translated by Andrew N. Palmer. Oakland: University of California Press, 2020.
- Waxman, Chaim J. “Religious culture and politics in Israel.” In The modern Jewish experience. edited by Jack Wertheimer, 201-210. New York: New York University Press, 1993.
- Woods, Patricia. “Fault Lines.” In The Cambridge companion to Judaism and Law. edited by Christine Hayes, 386-420. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Abstract
Siyonizm, Hıristiyanlıkta kök salmış Yahudi düşmanlığının bir ürünü olarak 19. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren Avrupa’da ortaya çıkan bir fikir akımı ve sosyal harekettir. Siyonizm ideolojisi, Yahudiler için bir devlet kurup özgürce kendi devletlerinde yaşamasını sağlamayı hedeflemektedir. Bu hareket Yahudiler arasında 19. yüzyılda Avrupa’da gündeme girse de, bazı dini doktrinler dikkate alındığında Yahudilik tabiatı itibariyle bu düşünceye yatkındır. 19. yüzyılın başlarında birtakım Yahudi din adamlarının bu doğrultuda vaazlar verdiği, bu görüşü dillendirmeye başladığı gözlemlenmektedir. Öte yandan, Yahudiler arasında Siyonizm fikrinin yaygınlaş(tırıl)masında Hıristiyan Siyonizmi’nin rolü araştırılmaya değer ayrı bir konudur.
Yahudilerin tamamı Siyonizm’in görüşlerini ve ideallerini paylaşmamaktadır. Siyonist Yahudiler olduğu gibi Siyonizm karşıtı Yahudiler de mevcuttur. Bazı Yahudiler ise Siyonizm’e tepkisiz olup yanında yer almadıkları gibi karşısında da durmamaktadırlar.
Siyonizm’e karşı çıkan Yahudiler tek topluluk halinde değildir. Onlar farklı gruplar ve örgütler şeklinde olup her birinin motivasyonları ve argümanları diğerinden belli ölçüde farklılık arz etmektedir. İdeolojik konumları bakımından Anti-Siyonist Yahudiler tasnif edilirken dindar ve seküler kamplardan bahsedilebilir. Dindar kampa ait olanlar, Siyonizm’in Yahudi geleneğinde muhalif olduğunu ileri sürerek mesafeli duruş sergilemektedirler. Dindar olmayan kampta yer alanlar Siyonizm’in emperyalist ve kolonyalist mahiyeti ve uygulamalarının hümanist değerlerle bağdaşmadığı için ciddi tepki göstermişlerdir. Bunun yanı sıra bu kampa ait bazıları Yahudi Siyonist öncülerin söylem bakımından Hıristiyan Siyonistler ile yakınlığını esas getirmiş ve milliyetçi duygularla Siyonizm’e karşı çıkmışlardır. Özetle, Siyonizm’e karşı çıkan Yahudilerin tutumunda dini ve milliyetçi duygular kadar hümanist yaklaşımlar da belirleyici olmuştur. Bunun dışında, Filistin topraklarında Siyasi Siyonizm’in benimsediği yöntemle devlet kurma hedefine karşı çıksa da burada Yahudi manevi ve kültürel değerlerinin ihyasını savunması sebebiyle Kültürel Siyonizm diye isimlendirilen akımın da yöntem farklılığı nedeniyle ana gövdeyi temsil eden Siyonizm’e muhalefetine işaret edilmelidir.
Keywords
References
- Adler, Michael. “Julian and the Jews.” The Jewish Quarterly Review 5. no 4 (1893): 591-651.
- Avi-Yonah, Michael. The Jews of Palestine: a political history from Bar Kokhba war to the Arab conquest. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publisher, 1976.
- Avni, Gideon. “The Persian conquest of Jerusalem (614 c.e.) - an archaeological assessment.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no 357 (2010), 35-48.
- Emperor and author: the writings of Julian ‘the Apostate’. edited by Nicholas B. Brian ve dğr., Swansea: The Classical Press of Wales, 2012.
- Comay, Joan. Who’s who in Jewish history after the period of the Old Testament. Abingdon: Routledge, 2023.
- Demosthenos, Areti. “Jews and Muslims in Cyprus: positive aspects of coexistance.” in Jewish-Muslim relations: historical and contemporary interactions and exchanges, edited by Ednan Aslan ve dğr. 177-198. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 2019.
- Drijvers, Jan Willem. “Barsauma, Eudocia, Jerusalem and the Temple Mount.” in The wandering holy man: the life of Barsauma Christian Asceticism and Religious Conflict in Late Antique Palestine. edited by Johannes Hahn ve dğr., 89-102. Oakland: University of California Press, 2020.
- Edelheit, Hershel, and Edelheit, Abraham J. History of Zionism: a handbook and dictionary. Abingdon: Routledge, 2019.
- Eroğlu, Ahmet Hikmet. “16. yüzyılda Osmanlı devletinde efsanevi bir Yahudi: Yasef Nasi.” Tüm Yönleriyle Yahudilik. Ankara: Dinler Tarihi Derneği Yayınları, 2012, 719-731.
- Ewald, Heinrich. The history of Israel, VIII: the post apostolic age. Translated by J.F. Smith. London: Longmans Green, 1886.
- Fuks, Alexander. “Aspects of the Jewish Revolt in A.D. 115-117.”, The Journal of Roman Studies 51. no 1-2 (1961): 98-104.
- Ginsbury, Philip, and Cutler, Raphael. The phases of Jewish history. Israel: Devora Publishing, 2005.
- Goodman, Martin. “Trajan and the origins of Roman hostility to the Jews.” Past & Present. no 182 (2004): 3-29.
- Graetz, H. History of the Jews: from the reign of Hyrcanus to the complition of the Babylonian Talmud II.
- Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1902.
- Har-El, Menashe. Golden Jerusalem. Jerusalem: Gefen, 2004.
- Hasanoğlu, Eldar ve Arslantaş, Nuh, Kudüs: vahiyle kutsanan şehir. İstanbul: Albaraka, 2021.
- Hasanoğlu, Eldar. “Anti-Zionist Jews: their views and activities.” in Al-Aqsa Flood: a turning point in Middle Eastern politics. edited by Muhittin Ataman, 287-302. Ankara: SETA, 2024.
- Hasanoğlu, Eldar. “Yahudiler Siyonizm’i Hıristiyanlardan mı aldılar?.” Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 1. no 9 (2022): 117-154.
- Horowitz, Elliott. “The vengeance of the Jews was stronger than their avarice: modern historians and the Persian Conquest of Jerusalem in 614.” Jewish Social Studies 4. no 2 (1998): 1-39.
- Kaplony, Andreas. The Haram of Jerusalem 324-1099: temple, friday mosque, area of spiritual power. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2002.
- Kaufman, Menahem. An ambigious partnership: Non-Zionists and Zionists in America 1939-1948. Jerusalem: The Magnes Press, 1991.
- Kolsky, Thomas A. Jews against Zionism. Philadelphia: Tmeple University Press, 1990.
- Kurt, Ali Osman. “Anti-Siyonist Yahudiler: Neturei Karta ve İsrail siyasetindeki yeri.” Bütün Yönleriyle Yahudilik. Ankara: Dinler Tarihi Derneği Yayınları, 2012, 399-420.
- Küçük, Abdurrahman. “Yahudilikdeki Arz-ı Mev’ûd anlayışının boyutları.” Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi. no 33 (1992): 101-111.
- Medding, Peter Y. “Patterns of political organization and leadership in contemporary Jewish communities.” Kinship and consent: the Jewish political tradition and its contemporary uses. edited by Daniel J. Elazar. Lanham: University Press of America, 1983.
- Menze, Volker. “The dark side of holiness: Barsauma the ‘roasted’ and the invention of a Jewish Jerusalem.” Motions of late antiquity: essays on relgion, politics and society in honour of Peter Brown. edited by Jamie Kreiner ve dğr., 231-247. Turnhout: Brepols, 2016.
- Novenson, Matthew V. “Why does R. Akiba acclaim Bar Kokhba as Messiah?.” Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Period 40. no 4-5 (2009), 551-572.
- Özalkan, Seda. “Yahudilerin Siyonizm karşıtlığı.” YL tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi Ortadoğu ve İslam Ülkeleri Araştırmaları Enstitüsü, 2017.
- Özcan, Şevket. “Yahudi dualarında Kudüs., Hitit Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 18. no 35 (2019): 23-47.
- Powell, Lindsay. The Bar Kokhba War AD 132– 136: the last Jewish revolt against imperial Rome. Bloomsbury: Bloomsbury USA Publishing, 2017.
- Rabkin, Yakov M. A threat from within a century of Jewish opposition to Zionism. London - New York: Zed Books, 2006.
- Rafael Medoff, and Waxman, Chaim I. Historical dictionary of Zionism. Lanham: The Scarecrow Press, 2008.
- Safran, William. “The diaspora and the homeland: reciprocities, transformations and role reversals.” Transnationalism: Diasporas and the Advent of a New (Dis)order. edited by Eliezer Ben Rafael and Yitzhak Sternberg, 75-99. Leiden: Brill, 2009.
- Schafer, Peter. The history of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World. London: Routledge, 2003.
- Schoeps, H. Julius. Pioneers of Judaism: Hess, Pinsker, Rülf. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2013.
- Schürer, Emil. A history of the Jewish people, II: political history of Palestine from B.C. 175 to A.D. 135. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1924.
- Sivan, Hagith. Palestine in late antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
- Sokolow, Nahum. The history of Zionism: 1600-1918. London: Longmans, 1919, I.
- Stemberger, Gunter. Jews and Christians in the Holy Land: Palestine in the fourth century. Translated by Ruth Tuschling. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 2000.
- Şenay, Bülent. Christian Zionism, theopolitics and Biblical myth-making. Bucuresti: Bucharest University Press, 2021.
- The life of the Syrian saint Barsauma: eulogy of a hero of the resistance to the Council of Chalcedon. Translated by Andrew N. Palmer. Oakland: University of California Press, 2020.
- Waxman, Chaim J. “Religious culture and politics in Israel.” In The modern Jewish experience. edited by Jack Wertheimer, 201-210. New York: New York University Press, 1993.
- Woods, Patricia. “Fault Lines.” In The Cambridge companion to Judaism and Law. edited by Christine Hayes, 386-420. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Middle East Studies, Contemporary History of Middle East |
| Journal Section | RESEARCH ARTICLES |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | April 30, 2025 |
| Submission Date | January 15, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | April 29, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025Issue: Kudüs’te Kimlik ve Mekan |
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Filistin Araştırmaları Dergisi- FAD
[Bulletin of Palestine Studies]
[כתב העת ללימודים פלסטיניים]
[مجلة دراسات فلسطينية ]
ISSN: 2587-2532
E-ISSN 2587-1862