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FROM MISOGYNY TO MISANDRY: THE PHENOMENON OF GENDER-BASED HATRED IN CINEMA

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 398 - 412, 01.04.2024

Mustafa Özer Özkantar

https://doi.org/10.7456/tojdac.1413198

Öz

Cinema has been one of the most prominent arts in terms of gender interactions and the way it deals with male and female roles is multifaceted and complex. Cinema includes lots of socio-economical and cultural attributions with its own contexts and it approaches transformations and alterations elaborately. In this regard, two of the theme’s cinema is particularly interested in are misogyny and misandry which are the issues containing hatred, violence, fear and death and are closely related to ideology and its extensions over women. At this point, the main concern of this study is to make out how cinema focuses on this gender-based hatred and to investigate its basic cause. Thus, I have chosen four American films whose names are “MS. 45" (1981), "Monster" (2003), "I Spit on Your Grave" (2010) and "M.F.A." (2017) containing misogyny and misandry at the same time have been selected and analysed them with a feminist approach with the aid of discourses and incident sequences and reviewed in order to grasp whether this ancient hatred stems from phallocentric and toxic masculinity. The films have been selected with purposeful sampling method and the themes have been reviewed in a detailed way. The analysis has indicated that the reason for misogyny is not one-sided and originally linked with patriarchal and heteronormative expectations, while misandry is like a revenge story and ensues from a masculine stance and its historical persecution towards women.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cinema Hatred Gender Misogyny Misandry

Kaynakça

  • Alves, C. D. B. & Cavalhierii K. E. (2020). Mongering Is A Weaird Life Sometimes: Discourse Analysis Of A Sex Buyer Online Community. Violence Against Women, 27(9), 1448-1474. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801220930820.
  • Amazon. (2023, 4 Kasım). I Spit Your Grave, https://www.amazon.com/I-Spit-Your-Grave-DVD/dp/B007CARKWM.
  • Amazon. (2023b, 1 Ekim). MFA, https://www.amazon.com/M-F-Blu-ray-Francesca-Eastwood/dp/B074WDYPKS.
  • Barker, K. & Jurasz, O. (2019). Online Misogyny: A Challenge For Digital Feminism?. Journal of International Affairs, 72(2), 95–114.
  • Bartyzel, J. (2004). Wamps, Straight Girls, Dumb Blonds-About Feminine Stereotypes In Hollywood Cinema. Ad Americam: Journal of American Studies, 1, 29-34.
  • Bayne, E. (2011). Womb Envy: The Cause Of Misogyny And Even Male Achievement?. Women’s Studies International Forum, 34(2), 151-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2011.01.007.
  • Benshoff, H. M. (2000). Blaxploitation Horror Films: Generic Reappropriation Or Reinscription?. Cinema Journal, 39(2), 31–50.
  • Cambridge. (n.d). Phallocentrism. In Camdridge.org dictionary. Retrieved January 21, 2024, from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/phallocentrism.
  • Christ, C. P. (2016). A New Definition Of Patriarchy: Control Of Women’s Sexuality, Private Property, And War. Feminist Theology, 24(3), 214-225. https://doi.org/10.1177/0966735015627949.
  • Cinemaparadiso. (2023, 19 Ekim). Monster, https://www.cinemaparadiso.co.uk/rentals/monster-5205.html.
  • Digby, T. (1998). Do Feminists Hate Men?: Feminism, Antifeminism, And Gender Oppositionality. Journal of Social Philosophy, 29(2), 15–31.
  • Gill, P. (2002). The Monstrous Years: Teens, Slasher Films, And The Family. Journal of Film & Video 54(4), 16-30.
  • Gilpatric, K. (2010). Vilent Female Action Characters In Contemporary American Cinema. Sex Roles, 62, 734-746. https://doi.org.10.1007/s11199-010-9757-7.
  • Gürkan, H. & Serttaş, A. (2022). The Representation Of Masculinity In Cinema And On Television: An Analysis Of Fictional Male Characters. European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies. 7(1), 128-137. https://doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v5i1.p. 402-408.
  • Hawkins, K. (2019). Monsters In The Attic: Women’s Rage And The Gothic. M/C Journal, 22(1), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.5204/mcj.1499.
  • Holland, J. (2016). Mizojini-Dünyanın En Eski Önyargısı: Kadından Nefretin Evrensel Tarihi. İmge Kitapevi.
  • Howard, B. R. (1989). Misogyny, Misandry and Misantrophy. University of California Press.
  • Kupers, T. (2005). Toxic Masculinity As A Barrier To Mental Health Treatment In Prison. Journal of Clinical Psychologhy. 61(6), 713–724. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20105.
  • Manne, K. (2017). Down Girl: The Logic Of Misogyny. Oxford.
  • Marder, E. (2014). Pandora's Fireworks; or, Questions Concerning Femininity, Technology, and the Limits of the Human. Philosophy & Rhetoric, 47(4), 386-399. https://doi.org/10.5325/philirhnet.47.4.0386.
  • Middleton, A. (2001). The War Against Boys: How Misguided Feminism Is Harming Our Young Men. Psychiatric Services, 52(9), 1266-1266. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.52.9.1266.
  • Mulvey, L. (1999). Visual Pleasure And Narrative Cinema. Film Theory and Criticism: Introductory Readings. pp. 833-44.
  • Nathanson, P. & Young, K. K. (2006). Legalizing Misandry: From Public Shame To Systemic Discrimination Against Men. McGill-Queen’s University Press.
  • Nathanson, P. & Young, K. K. (2012). Misandry And Emptiness: Masculine İdentity In A Toxic Cultural Environment. New Male Studies Journal, 1(1), 4-18.
  • Özkantar, M. Ö. (2022). Woman Depiction In Turkish Horror Films: A Semiotic Analysis As Part Of The Concept Of “Alterity”. Intermedia International e-Journal, 9(17) 154-169. https://doi.org/10.56133/intermedia.1099340.
  • Panayiotou, A. (2010). ‘Macho’ Managers And Organizational Heroes: Competing Masculinities In Popular Films. Organization, 17(6), 659-683. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508410366275.
  • Rose, G. (1995). Distance, Surface, Elsewhere: A Feminist Critique Of The Space Of Phallocentric Self/Knowledge. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 13(6), 761-781. https://doi.org/10.1068/d130761.
  • Rosen, M. (2017). A Feminist Perspective on the History of Women as a Witches. Dissenting Voices, 6, 21-31.
  • Ruah–Midbar Shapiro, M. (2019). Lilith’s Comeback From A Jungian-Feminist Outlook: Contemporary Feminist Spirituality Gets Into Bed With Lilith. Feminist Theology, 27(2), 149-163. https://doi.org/10.1177/0966735018814674.
  • Ruether, R. R. (2014). Sexism And Misogyny In The Christian Tradition: Liberating Alternatives. Buddhist-Christian Studies, 34, 83-94.
  • Sinemalar. (2023, 10 Ekim). Film, https://www.sinemalar.com/film/17275/ms-45.
  • Wrisley, S. P. (2023). Feminist Theory And The Problem Of Misogyny. Feminist Theory, 24(2), 188-207. https://doi.org/10.1177/14647001211039365.
  • Young, L. (1995). Fear Of The Dark-‘Race’, Gender And Sexuality In The Cinema. Routledge.

MİZOJİNİZMDEN MİZANDRİYE SİNEMADA TOPLUMSAL CİNSİYET TEMELLİ NEFRET OLGUSU

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 398 - 412, 01.04.2024

Mustafa Özer Özkantar

https://doi.org/10.7456/tojdac.1413198

Öz

Toplumsal cinsiyet etkileşimleri açısından en öne çıkan sanatlardan biri olan sinemanın kadın ve erkek rollerini ele alış biçimi çok yönlü ve karmaşıktır. Sinema kendi bağlamlarıyla beraber pek çok sosyo-ekonomik ve kültürel göndermeyi içermekte, dönüşümlere ve başkalaşımlara özenle yaklaşmaktadır. Bu bağlamda sinemanın özellikle ilgilendiği temalardan ikisi nefret, şiddet, korku ve ölüm içeren, ideoloji ve onun kadınlar üzerindeki uzantılarıyla yakından ilişkili konular olan kadın düşmanlığı ve erkek düşmanlığıdır. Bu noktada bu çalışmanın temel amacı, sinemanın bu cinsiyet temelli nefrete nasıl odaklandığını ortaya koymak ve bunun temel nedenini araştırmaktır. Bu nedenle, "MS. 45" (1981), "Monster" (2003), "I Spit on Your Grave" (2010) ve "M.F.A." (2017) isimli, kadın düşmanlığı ve erkek düşmanlığını aynı anda barındıran dört Amerikan filmi seçilmiş ve bu kadim nefretin fallosentrik ve toksik erkeklikten kaynaklanıp kaynaklanmadığını kavramak adına söylemler ve sekanslar yardımıyla ismi geçen yapımlar feminist bir yaklaşımla analiz edilmiştir. Filmler amaçlı örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilmiş ve temalar detaylı bir şekilde incelenmiştir. İlgili analiz, kadın düşmanlığının nedeninin tek taraflı olmadığını ve aslında ataerkil ve heteronormatif beklentilerle bağlantılı olduğunu ortaya koymuş, kadın düşmanlığının ise bir intikam hikayesine benzediğini ve eril bir duruştan ve bu duruşun kadınlara yönelik tarihsel zulmünden kaynaklandığını göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sinema Nefret Toplumsal Cinsiyet Kadın Düşmanlığı Erkek Düşmanlığı

Kaynakça

  • Alves, C. D. B. & Cavalhierii K. E. (2020). Mongering Is A Weaird Life Sometimes: Discourse Analysis Of A Sex Buyer Online Community. Violence Against Women, 27(9), 1448-1474. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801220930820.
  • Amazon. (2023, 4 Kasım). I Spit Your Grave, https://www.amazon.com/I-Spit-Your-Grave-DVD/dp/B007CARKWM.
  • Amazon. (2023b, 1 Ekim). MFA, https://www.amazon.com/M-F-Blu-ray-Francesca-Eastwood/dp/B074WDYPKS.
  • Barker, K. & Jurasz, O. (2019). Online Misogyny: A Challenge For Digital Feminism?. Journal of International Affairs, 72(2), 95–114.
  • Bartyzel, J. (2004). Wamps, Straight Girls, Dumb Blonds-About Feminine Stereotypes In Hollywood Cinema. Ad Americam: Journal of American Studies, 1, 29-34.
  • Bayne, E. (2011). Womb Envy: The Cause Of Misogyny And Even Male Achievement?. Women’s Studies International Forum, 34(2), 151-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2011.01.007.
  • Benshoff, H. M. (2000). Blaxploitation Horror Films: Generic Reappropriation Or Reinscription?. Cinema Journal, 39(2), 31–50.
  • Cambridge. (n.d). Phallocentrism. In Camdridge.org dictionary. Retrieved January 21, 2024, from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/phallocentrism.
  • Christ, C. P. (2016). A New Definition Of Patriarchy: Control Of Women’s Sexuality, Private Property, And War. Feminist Theology, 24(3), 214-225. https://doi.org/10.1177/0966735015627949.
  • Cinemaparadiso. (2023, 19 Ekim). Monster, https://www.cinemaparadiso.co.uk/rentals/monster-5205.html.
  • Digby, T. (1998). Do Feminists Hate Men?: Feminism, Antifeminism, And Gender Oppositionality. Journal of Social Philosophy, 29(2), 15–31.
  • Gill, P. (2002). The Monstrous Years: Teens, Slasher Films, And The Family. Journal of Film & Video 54(4), 16-30.
  • Gilpatric, K. (2010). Vilent Female Action Characters In Contemporary American Cinema. Sex Roles, 62, 734-746. https://doi.org.10.1007/s11199-010-9757-7.
  • Gürkan, H. & Serttaş, A. (2022). The Representation Of Masculinity In Cinema And On Television: An Analysis Of Fictional Male Characters. European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies. 7(1), 128-137. https://doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v5i1.p. 402-408.
  • Hawkins, K. (2019). Monsters In The Attic: Women’s Rage And The Gothic. M/C Journal, 22(1), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.5204/mcj.1499.
  • Holland, J. (2016). Mizojini-Dünyanın En Eski Önyargısı: Kadından Nefretin Evrensel Tarihi. İmge Kitapevi.
  • Howard, B. R. (1989). Misogyny, Misandry and Misantrophy. University of California Press.
  • Kupers, T. (2005). Toxic Masculinity As A Barrier To Mental Health Treatment In Prison. Journal of Clinical Psychologhy. 61(6), 713–724. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20105.
  • Manne, K. (2017). Down Girl: The Logic Of Misogyny. Oxford.
  • Marder, E. (2014). Pandora's Fireworks; or, Questions Concerning Femininity, Technology, and the Limits of the Human. Philosophy & Rhetoric, 47(4), 386-399. https://doi.org/10.5325/philirhnet.47.4.0386.
  • Middleton, A. (2001). The War Against Boys: How Misguided Feminism Is Harming Our Young Men. Psychiatric Services, 52(9), 1266-1266. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.52.9.1266.
  • Mulvey, L. (1999). Visual Pleasure And Narrative Cinema. Film Theory and Criticism: Introductory Readings. pp. 833-44.
  • Nathanson, P. & Young, K. K. (2006). Legalizing Misandry: From Public Shame To Systemic Discrimination Against Men. McGill-Queen’s University Press.
  • Nathanson, P. & Young, K. K. (2012). Misandry And Emptiness: Masculine İdentity In A Toxic Cultural Environment. New Male Studies Journal, 1(1), 4-18.
  • Özkantar, M. Ö. (2022). Woman Depiction In Turkish Horror Films: A Semiotic Analysis As Part Of The Concept Of “Alterity”. Intermedia International e-Journal, 9(17) 154-169. https://doi.org/10.56133/intermedia.1099340.
  • Panayiotou, A. (2010). ‘Macho’ Managers And Organizational Heroes: Competing Masculinities In Popular Films. Organization, 17(6), 659-683. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508410366275.
  • Rose, G. (1995). Distance, Surface, Elsewhere: A Feminist Critique Of The Space Of Phallocentric Self/Knowledge. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 13(6), 761-781. https://doi.org/10.1068/d130761.
  • Rosen, M. (2017). A Feminist Perspective on the History of Women as a Witches. Dissenting Voices, 6, 21-31.
  • Ruah–Midbar Shapiro, M. (2019). Lilith’s Comeback From A Jungian-Feminist Outlook: Contemporary Feminist Spirituality Gets Into Bed With Lilith. Feminist Theology, 27(2), 149-163. https://doi.org/10.1177/0966735018814674.
  • Ruether, R. R. (2014). Sexism And Misogyny In The Christian Tradition: Liberating Alternatives. Buddhist-Christian Studies, 34, 83-94.
  • Sinemalar. (2023, 10 Ekim). Film, https://www.sinemalar.com/film/17275/ms-45.
  • Wrisley, S. P. (2023). Feminist Theory And The Problem Of Misogyny. Feminist Theory, 24(2), 188-207. https://doi.org/10.1177/14647001211039365.
  • Young, L. (1995). Fear Of The Dark-‘Race’, Gender And Sexuality In The Cinema. Routledge.
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Film Eleştirisi
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALELERİ
Yazarlar

Mustafa Özer Özkantar 0000-0001-9364-5606

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 13 Mart 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Nisan 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Ocak 2024
Kabul Tarihi 6 Mart 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Özkantar, M. Ö. (2024). FROM MISOGYNY TO MISANDRY: THE PHENOMENON OF GENDER-BASED HATRED IN CINEMA. Turkish Online Journal of Design Art and Communication, 14(2), 398-412. https://doi.org/10.7456/tojdac.1413198
 Kapak Resmi İndir


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