BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Nisibis at the border of Romans and Sasanians between the third and fifth centuries AD.

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 36 Sayı: 62, 1 - 30, 01.10.2017

Öz

Nusaybin (Nisibis), bölgesindeki tek ana ticaret merkezini oluşturduğundan jeostratejik önemine binaen döneminin iki büyük gücü olan Roma ve Sasani devletlerinin sınırda karşı karşıya geldikleri bir kent olma özelliğine sahiptir. Kent sağlam bir şekilde tahkim edilmesine rağmen, zaman zaman iki taraf arasında yer değiştirmiştir. Romalılar, sınırlarını Yukarı Dicle Vadisi ve Mezopotamya’ya kadar genişlettikten sonra, bu sefer Sasanilere karşı Doğu-Batı çatışmasının da ortaya çıkmasına sebep olmuşlardır. Bir sınır kenti olarak Nusaybin, sadece ekonomik ve sosyo-kültürel değil askeri açıdan da önemli bir bağlantı noktası olmuştur. 363 yılında Sasanilere teslim oluncaya kadar, sadece Mezapotomya’daki Roma liderliğinin (dux Mesopotamiae) karargah merkezi olmakla kalmamış, aynı zamanda Doğu Orduları Komutanlığı (magister militum per Orientem)’nın hareketli güçlerinin ileri toplanma noktası konumundadır. Parthlar 224 yılında Sasanilerin ortaya çıkışına kadar Doğu gücünü temsil etmişlerdir. I. Ardaşhir veya I. Şapur, Sasani hanedanlığının taze enerjisiyle birlikte, Nisibis’i 238 veya 241 yılında fethetmiştir. Gordianus II burayı ele geçirmiş, ancak 244 yılında tekrar Sasanilerin kontrolü altına girmiştir. Nisibis ve bölgesi, 298 yılında Narseh ile yapılan anlaşma sonucunda Roma İmparatorluğu’na bağlanmıştır. Özellikle II. Constantius döneminde 337, 346 ve 350 yıllarında üç defa kuşatılmış, ancak II. Şapur burayı ele geçirmeyi başaramamıştır. 363 yılındaki Iulianus’un yenilgisinden sonra tekrar Sasanilere geri verilmiştir. Biz bu çalışmamızda Roma ve Sasanilerin Nusaybin kenti üzerindeki çekişmelerinin ekonomik, sosyo-kültürel ve siyasi sebepleri üzerine odaklanacağız

Kaynakça

  • Amm. Marc., Ammianus Marcellinus. Trans. by J. C. Rolfe I-III. Cambridge, Mass. - London 2000 (The Loeb Classical Library)
  • Bar Heb.Chron., Bar Hebraeus, Chronography. Trans. by E. A. W. Bugde, Oxford 1932.
  • Chronicon Paschale, Chronicon paschale, vol. I [Corpus scriptorium historiae Byzantinae. Bonn: Weber, 1832]. Ed.by L. A. Dindorf.
  • Cod. Just., De Codex Justianius, www.uwyo.edu/lawlib/blume-justinian/
  • Eutr., Eutropius, The Breviarum ab Urbe Condita of Eutropius. Translated with an introduction and commentary by H. W. Bird. Liverpool 1993.
  • Ephr.Syr.Carm.Nis., Ephraem Syrus, Carmina Nisibena. From Nicene and Post- Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol.13, by J.T. S. Stopford, edited by P. Schaff and H. Wace, Christian literature Publishing Co., 1890, revised and edited for New Advent by K. Knight.
  • Fest. Brev., Rufius Festus, The Breviarium of Festus. A Critical Edition with Historical Commentary by Cf. J. W. Eadie. London 1967.
  • FHG IV, Fragmenta Historicum Graecorum. Ed. by K. Müller, Paris 1841-1872, 4 Vol.
  • Herod., Herodianus, Herodian of Antioch’s History of the Roman Empire. Trans. by E. C. Echols, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1961.
  • Jul.Or., Julian the Apostate, Oration 1: Panegyric in Honour of Constantius, vol.1. Ed by W.C. Wright, Harward University Press 1913 (Loeb Series).
  • Lib.Or., Libanius, Selected Orations, Vol.I, Julianic Orations. Ed. and trans. by A. F. Norman. London: Heinemann 1977 (Loeb Classical Library).
  • Philost., Philostorgius, Church History (Historia Ecclesiastica). Translated with an introduction and notes by P. R. Amidon, Atlanta 2007.
  • Ps.-Josh.Chron., Pseudo-Joshua, Chronikon. The Chronicle of Pseudo-Joshua the Stylite. Trans. by F. R. Trombley-J.W. Watt. Liverpool University Press 2000.
  • Sozom.Eccles.Hist., Sozomenus, Ecclesiastical History (Ecclesiastica historia). Translated by Chester D. Hartranft. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 2. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890.) Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight.
  • Theodor., Theodoreth, Historia Ecclesiastica (Hist. Ecless.). Trans.by B. Jackson, P. Schaff (ed.)- H. Wallace (rev.), From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol.III, Theodoret, Jerome, Gennadius, Rufinus: Historical Writings, New York 1892, revised and edited for New Advent by K. Knight.
  • Theodoreth, Historia Religiosa (Hist.Rel.) in Patrologia Graeca 82. Ed by J.P. Migne, Paris 1864.
  • Zon., Zonaras, The History of Zonaras: From Alexander Severus to the Death of Theodosius the Great, Trans.T. M. Banchich and E. N. Lane, London 2009.
  • Zos., Zosimus, The Decline of Rome. With an English translation by J. J. Buchanan and H. T. Davis. San Antonio, Texas 1967.
  • Modern Literature and Abbreviations
  • Baldwin, B., “Festus The Historian”, Historia 27.1, 1978, 197-217.
  • Barnes, T.D., “Constantine and the Christians of Persia”, The Journal of Roman Studies, 75, 1985, 126-136.
  • Blockley, R.C., “The Romano-Persian Peace Treaties of A.D. 299 AND 363”, Florilegium 6, 1984, 28-49.
  • Blockley, R.C., “Subsidies and Diplomacy: Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity”, Phoenix 39.1, 1985, 62-74.
  • Blockley, R. C., “Ammianus Marcellinus on the Persian Invasion of A.D. 359”, Phoenix 42.3, 1988, 244-260.
  • Blois, L., “Odaenathus and the Roman-Persian War of 252-264 AD”, Talanta 6, 1975, 7-23.
  • Blois, L., “Rome and Persia in the Middle of Third Century AD, 230-266 AD”, in: Rome and the Worlds Beyond Its Frontiers, ed. D. Slootjes-M. Peachin, Leiden 2016, 34-47.
  • Brosius, M., The Persians, London 2006.
  • Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Mesopotomia: With Researches on The Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon, and Other Ancient Cities, Cambridge University Press 2012.
  • Bullough, V. L., “The Roman Empire vs. Persia, 363-502: A Study of Successful Deterrence”, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 7.1, 1963, 55-68.
  • Croke, B.,-Crow, J., “Procopius and Dara”, The Journal of Roman Studies, 73, 1983, 143-159.
  • Demir, M., “Asur Kaynakları Işığında Tur Abdin (Kasieri)”, Uluslararası Midyat Sempozyum Bildirileri, Midyat 2011, 43-65.
  • Dodgeon, M. H., - Lieu, S.N.C., The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 226-363: A Documentary History, London 1991.
  • Edwell, P.M., Between Rome and Persia, London 2008.
  • Ermatinger, J. W., Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, London 2004.
  • French, D., “Pre- and Early-Roman Roads of Asia Minor. The Persian Royal Road”, Iran.36, 1998, 15-43.
  • Frothingham, A. L., “Historical Sketch of Syriac Literature and Culture”, The American Journal of Philology, 5.2, 1884, 200-220.
  • Gillett, A., Envoys and Political Communication in the Late Antique West, 411-533, Cambridge University Press 2003.
  • Griffith, S. H., “Ephraem the Syrian’s Hymns Against Julian: Meditations on History and Imperial Power”, Vigilae Christianae 41, 1987, 238-266.
  • Harries, J., Imperial Rome AD 284 TO 363: The New Empire, Edingurg University Press 2012.
  • Higgins, M. J., “International Relations at the Close of the Sixth Century”, The Catholic Historical Review, 27.3, 1941, 279-315.
  • Justice, S., “Did the Middle Ages Believe in Their Miracles?”, Representations 103.1, 2008, 1-29.
  • Kaçar, T., “Mezopotamya’da Roma - Sasani Çatışmaları: Nusaybin’in Düşüşü”, I. Uluslararası Mardin Tarihi Sempozyumu Bildirileri, İstanbul 2006, 129- 137.
  • Kawar, I., “The Arabs in the Peace Treaty of A.D. 561”, Arabica, T. 3, Fasc. 2, 1956, 181-213.
  • Kohn, G. C., Dictionary of Wars, (rev.ed.), London: Routledge 1999.
  • Lieu, S. N. C., Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China, (2. ed., rev. and ex.), Tübingen 1992.
  • Lightfoot, C. S., “Facts and Fiction: The Third Siege of Nisibis (A.D. 350)”, Historia 37.1, 1988, 105-125.
  • Mehr, F., “Social Justice in Ancient Iran”, in Social Justice in the Ancient World, ed. by K. Irani and M. Silver, London: Greenwood Press, 1995, 75-89.
  • Millar, F., “Emperors, Frontiers and Foreign Relations, 31 B. C. to A. D. 378”, Britannia 13, 1982, 1-23.
  • Millar, F., A Greek Roman Empire: Power and Belief under Theodosius II (408- 450), University of California Press 2006.
  • Mitford, T. B., The Roman Frontier Based on the Valley of the Upper Euphrates, Vol 1-4, Oxford 1972.
  • ____________, “Some Inscriptions from the Cappadocian Limes”, The Journal of Roman Studies, 64 (1974), 160-175.
  • ____________, “Cappadocia and Armenia Minor: Historical Setting of the Limes”, in H. Temporini and W. Haase (eds.), Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischemn Welt, II.13: 1169-1228.
  • Nicholson, O., “Two Notes on Dara”, American Journal of Archaeology, 89.4, 1985, 663-671.
  • Possekel, U., Evidence of Greek Philosophical Concepts in the Writings of Ephrem the Syrian, Louvain 1999.
  • Ridley, R.T., “Notes on Julian’s Persian Expedition (363)”, Historia, 22.2, 1973, 317-330.
  • Ross, S.K., Roman Edessa, London 2001.
  • Scott, A.G., Change and the Discontinuity Within The Severan Dynasty: The Case of Macrinus, The State University of New Jersey (Phd Thesis) 2008.
  • Seager, R., “Perceptions of Eastern Frontier Policy in Ammianus, Libanius, and Julian (337-363)”, The Classical Quarterly, 47. 1, 1997, 253-268.
  • Stein, A., “Note on Remains of the Roman Limes in North-Western 'Iraq”, The Geographical Journal, 92.1, 1938, 62-66.
  • Stephen, Gero, Barsauma of Nisibis and Persian Christianity in the Fifth Century, Louvain 1981.
  • Syvänne 2015a Syvänne, I., Military History of Late Rome 284-361, South Yorkshire 2015.
  • Syvänne 2015b Syvänne, I., “The Reign of Bahram V Gor: The Revitalization of the Empire through Mounted Archery”, Historia I Swıat 4, 2015, 71-102.
  • Thompson, J.E., A Tale of Five Cities: A History of Five Patriarchal Cities of the Early Church, Eugene 2009.
  • Townsend, P. W., “The Administration of Gordian III”, Yale Classical Studies 3, 1934, 59-132.
  • Trombley, E.R., - Watt, J. W., The Chronicle of Pseudo-Joushua the Styllite, Liverpool University Press 2000.
  • Turcan, R., “L’anadon de Nisibe et l’opinion politique (363 ap. J.-C.)”, Mélanges d’archéologie et d’histoire offerts à Andre Piganiol, ed. R. Chevallier, Vol. 2, Paris 1966, 875-890
  • Vivian, R., “Eusebius and Constantine's Letter to Shapur: Its Place in the Vita Constantirii”, in E.A. Livingstone (ed.), Historica, Theologica et Philosophica, Critica et Philologica (StPatr 29', Leuven: Peeters, 1997), 164-169.
  • Wienand, J., Contested Monarchy: Integrating the Roman Empire in the Fourth Century AD, Oxford 2015.
  • Wiesehöfer, J., “Die Anfange sassanidischer Westpolitik und der Untergang Hatras,” Klio 64, no. 1 (1982): 437-47.

ROMA VE SASANİLER ARASINDA BİR SINIR KENTİ, NUSAYBİN (MS III.-V. YY.)

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 36 Sayı: 62, 1 - 30, 01.10.2017

Öz

Owing to its geostratejic importance as being the only main trade center in its region, Nisibis became the typical of a city in the limes where the Roman and the Sasanians, the two great powers of their time, confronted each other. Though heavily fortified, it occasionally changed hands. The Romans, having extended their borders to the Upper Tigris Valley and Mesopotamia, pioneered the eastern territorial aspirations of the West, this time against the Sasanians. As a border city, Nisibis was a significant anchor for them, not only socio-economic but also from a military point of view. Until its surrender to the Sasanians in 363, Nisibis was not only the headquarters of the commander of Mesopotamia (dux Mesopotamiae) but also often served as the forward mustering-point for the mobile forces of Master of the Soldiers for the East (the magister militum per Orientem). The Parthians represented the Eastern power at the time until the appearance of the Sasanians in 224. With the fresh energy of the new Sasanian dynasty, Ardashir I or Shapur I conquered Nisibis in 238 or 241. Then the Sasanians were driven out of Nisibis by Gordian III and took the city back in 244. In 298, by making a treaty with Narseh, the town of Nisibis was acquired by the Roman Empire. It was besieged three times during the reign of Constantius II, yet Shapur II was not able to conquer it. In 363 Nisibis was ceded back to the Sasanians after the defeat of Julian. In this study, we shall concentrate on the struggles between Rome and the Sasanians by striving to enlighten the economic, socio-cultural and the political reasons of their struggles

Kaynakça

  • Amm. Marc., Ammianus Marcellinus. Trans. by J. C. Rolfe I-III. Cambridge, Mass. - London 2000 (The Loeb Classical Library)
  • Bar Heb.Chron., Bar Hebraeus, Chronography. Trans. by E. A. W. Bugde, Oxford 1932.
  • Chronicon Paschale, Chronicon paschale, vol. I [Corpus scriptorium historiae Byzantinae. Bonn: Weber, 1832]. Ed.by L. A. Dindorf.
  • Cod. Just., De Codex Justianius, www.uwyo.edu/lawlib/blume-justinian/
  • Eutr., Eutropius, The Breviarum ab Urbe Condita of Eutropius. Translated with an introduction and commentary by H. W. Bird. Liverpool 1993.
  • Ephr.Syr.Carm.Nis., Ephraem Syrus, Carmina Nisibena. From Nicene and Post- Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol.13, by J.T. S. Stopford, edited by P. Schaff and H. Wace, Christian literature Publishing Co., 1890, revised and edited for New Advent by K. Knight.
  • Fest. Brev., Rufius Festus, The Breviarium of Festus. A Critical Edition with Historical Commentary by Cf. J. W. Eadie. London 1967.
  • FHG IV, Fragmenta Historicum Graecorum. Ed. by K. Müller, Paris 1841-1872, 4 Vol.
  • Herod., Herodianus, Herodian of Antioch’s History of the Roman Empire. Trans. by E. C. Echols, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1961.
  • Jul.Or., Julian the Apostate, Oration 1: Panegyric in Honour of Constantius, vol.1. Ed by W.C. Wright, Harward University Press 1913 (Loeb Series).
  • Lib.Or., Libanius, Selected Orations, Vol.I, Julianic Orations. Ed. and trans. by A. F. Norman. London: Heinemann 1977 (Loeb Classical Library).
  • Philost., Philostorgius, Church History (Historia Ecclesiastica). Translated with an introduction and notes by P. R. Amidon, Atlanta 2007.
  • Ps.-Josh.Chron., Pseudo-Joshua, Chronikon. The Chronicle of Pseudo-Joshua the Stylite. Trans. by F. R. Trombley-J.W. Watt. Liverpool University Press 2000.
  • Sozom.Eccles.Hist., Sozomenus, Ecclesiastical History (Ecclesiastica historia). Translated by Chester D. Hartranft. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 2. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890.) Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight.
  • Theodor., Theodoreth, Historia Ecclesiastica (Hist. Ecless.). Trans.by B. Jackson, P. Schaff (ed.)- H. Wallace (rev.), From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol.III, Theodoret, Jerome, Gennadius, Rufinus: Historical Writings, New York 1892, revised and edited for New Advent by K. Knight.
  • Theodoreth, Historia Religiosa (Hist.Rel.) in Patrologia Graeca 82. Ed by J.P. Migne, Paris 1864.
  • Zon., Zonaras, The History of Zonaras: From Alexander Severus to the Death of Theodosius the Great, Trans.T. M. Banchich and E. N. Lane, London 2009.
  • Zos., Zosimus, The Decline of Rome. With an English translation by J. J. Buchanan and H. T. Davis. San Antonio, Texas 1967.
  • Modern Literature and Abbreviations
  • Baldwin, B., “Festus The Historian”, Historia 27.1, 1978, 197-217.
  • Barnes, T.D., “Constantine and the Christians of Persia”, The Journal of Roman Studies, 75, 1985, 126-136.
  • Blockley, R.C., “The Romano-Persian Peace Treaties of A.D. 299 AND 363”, Florilegium 6, 1984, 28-49.
  • Blockley, R.C., “Subsidies and Diplomacy: Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity”, Phoenix 39.1, 1985, 62-74.
  • Blockley, R. C., “Ammianus Marcellinus on the Persian Invasion of A.D. 359”, Phoenix 42.3, 1988, 244-260.
  • Blois, L., “Odaenathus and the Roman-Persian War of 252-264 AD”, Talanta 6, 1975, 7-23.
  • Blois, L., “Rome and Persia in the Middle of Third Century AD, 230-266 AD”, in: Rome and the Worlds Beyond Its Frontiers, ed. D. Slootjes-M. Peachin, Leiden 2016, 34-47.
  • Brosius, M., The Persians, London 2006.
  • Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Mesopotomia: With Researches on The Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon, and Other Ancient Cities, Cambridge University Press 2012.
  • Bullough, V. L., “The Roman Empire vs. Persia, 363-502: A Study of Successful Deterrence”, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 7.1, 1963, 55-68.
  • Croke, B.,-Crow, J., “Procopius and Dara”, The Journal of Roman Studies, 73, 1983, 143-159.
  • Demir, M., “Asur Kaynakları Işığında Tur Abdin (Kasieri)”, Uluslararası Midyat Sempozyum Bildirileri, Midyat 2011, 43-65.
  • Dodgeon, M. H., - Lieu, S.N.C., The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 226-363: A Documentary History, London 1991.
  • Edwell, P.M., Between Rome and Persia, London 2008.
  • Ermatinger, J. W., Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, London 2004.
  • French, D., “Pre- and Early-Roman Roads of Asia Minor. The Persian Royal Road”, Iran.36, 1998, 15-43.
  • Frothingham, A. L., “Historical Sketch of Syriac Literature and Culture”, The American Journal of Philology, 5.2, 1884, 200-220.
  • Gillett, A., Envoys and Political Communication in the Late Antique West, 411-533, Cambridge University Press 2003.
  • Griffith, S. H., “Ephraem the Syrian’s Hymns Against Julian: Meditations on History and Imperial Power”, Vigilae Christianae 41, 1987, 238-266.
  • Harries, J., Imperial Rome AD 284 TO 363: The New Empire, Edingurg University Press 2012.
  • Higgins, M. J., “International Relations at the Close of the Sixth Century”, The Catholic Historical Review, 27.3, 1941, 279-315.
  • Justice, S., “Did the Middle Ages Believe in Their Miracles?”, Representations 103.1, 2008, 1-29.
  • Kaçar, T., “Mezopotamya’da Roma - Sasani Çatışmaları: Nusaybin’in Düşüşü”, I. Uluslararası Mardin Tarihi Sempozyumu Bildirileri, İstanbul 2006, 129- 137.
  • Kawar, I., “The Arabs in the Peace Treaty of A.D. 561”, Arabica, T. 3, Fasc. 2, 1956, 181-213.
  • Kohn, G. C., Dictionary of Wars, (rev.ed.), London: Routledge 1999.
  • Lieu, S. N. C., Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China, (2. ed., rev. and ex.), Tübingen 1992.
  • Lightfoot, C. S., “Facts and Fiction: The Third Siege of Nisibis (A.D. 350)”, Historia 37.1, 1988, 105-125.
  • Mehr, F., “Social Justice in Ancient Iran”, in Social Justice in the Ancient World, ed. by K. Irani and M. Silver, London: Greenwood Press, 1995, 75-89.
  • Millar, F., “Emperors, Frontiers and Foreign Relations, 31 B. C. to A. D. 378”, Britannia 13, 1982, 1-23.
  • Millar, F., A Greek Roman Empire: Power and Belief under Theodosius II (408- 450), University of California Press 2006.
  • Mitford, T. B., The Roman Frontier Based on the Valley of the Upper Euphrates, Vol 1-4, Oxford 1972.
  • ____________, “Some Inscriptions from the Cappadocian Limes”, The Journal of Roman Studies, 64 (1974), 160-175.
  • ____________, “Cappadocia and Armenia Minor: Historical Setting of the Limes”, in H. Temporini and W. Haase (eds.), Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischemn Welt, II.13: 1169-1228.
  • Nicholson, O., “Two Notes on Dara”, American Journal of Archaeology, 89.4, 1985, 663-671.
  • Possekel, U., Evidence of Greek Philosophical Concepts in the Writings of Ephrem the Syrian, Louvain 1999.
  • Ridley, R.T., “Notes on Julian’s Persian Expedition (363)”, Historia, 22.2, 1973, 317-330.
  • Ross, S.K., Roman Edessa, London 2001.
  • Scott, A.G., Change and the Discontinuity Within The Severan Dynasty: The Case of Macrinus, The State University of New Jersey (Phd Thesis) 2008.
  • Seager, R., “Perceptions of Eastern Frontier Policy in Ammianus, Libanius, and Julian (337-363)”, The Classical Quarterly, 47. 1, 1997, 253-268.
  • Stein, A., “Note on Remains of the Roman Limes in North-Western 'Iraq”, The Geographical Journal, 92.1, 1938, 62-66.
  • Stephen, Gero, Barsauma of Nisibis and Persian Christianity in the Fifth Century, Louvain 1981.
  • Syvänne 2015a Syvänne, I., Military History of Late Rome 284-361, South Yorkshire 2015.
  • Syvänne 2015b Syvänne, I., “The Reign of Bahram V Gor: The Revitalization of the Empire through Mounted Archery”, Historia I Swıat 4, 2015, 71-102.
  • Thompson, J.E., A Tale of Five Cities: A History of Five Patriarchal Cities of the Early Church, Eugene 2009.
  • Townsend, P. W., “The Administration of Gordian III”, Yale Classical Studies 3, 1934, 59-132.
  • Trombley, E.R., - Watt, J. W., The Chronicle of Pseudo-Joushua the Styllite, Liverpool University Press 2000.
  • Turcan, R., “L’anadon de Nisibe et l’opinion politique (363 ap. J.-C.)”, Mélanges d’archéologie et d’histoire offerts à Andre Piganiol, ed. R. Chevallier, Vol. 2, Paris 1966, 875-890
  • Vivian, R., “Eusebius and Constantine's Letter to Shapur: Its Place in the Vita Constantirii”, in E.A. Livingstone (ed.), Historica, Theologica et Philosophica, Critica et Philologica (StPatr 29', Leuven: Peeters, 1997), 164-169.
  • Wienand, J., Contested Monarchy: Integrating the Roman Empire in the Fourth Century AD, Oxford 2015.
  • Wiesehöfer, J., “Die Anfange sassanidischer Westpolitik und der Untergang Hatras,” Klio 64, no. 1 (1982): 437-47.
Toplam 69 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Muzaffer Demir

Murat Keçiş

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ekim 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 36 Sayı: 62

Kaynak Göster

APA Demir, M., & Keçiş, M. (2017). Nisibis at the border of Romans and Sasanians between the third and fifth centuries AD. Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 36(62), 1-30.
AMA Demir M, Keçiş M. Nisibis at the border of Romans and Sasanians between the third and fifth centuries AD. TAD. Ekim 2017;36(62):1-30.
Chicago Demir, Muzaffer, ve Murat Keçiş. “Nisibis at the Border of Romans and Sasanians Between the Third and Fifth Centuries AD”. Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 36, sy. 62 (Ekim 2017): 1-30.
EndNote Demir M, Keçiş M (01 Ekim 2017) Nisibis at the border of Romans and Sasanians between the third and fifth centuries AD. Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 36 62 1–30.
IEEE M. Demir ve M. Keçiş, “Nisibis at the border of Romans and Sasanians between the third and fifth centuries AD”., TAD, c. 36, sy. 62, ss. 1–30, 2017.
ISNAD Demir, Muzaffer - Keçiş, Murat. “Nisibis at the Border of Romans and Sasanians Between the Third and Fifth Centuries AD”. Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 36/62 (Ekim 2017), 1-30.
JAMA Demir M, Keçiş M. Nisibis at the border of Romans and Sasanians between the third and fifth centuries AD. TAD. 2017;36:1–30.
MLA Demir, Muzaffer ve Murat Keçiş. “Nisibis at the Border of Romans and Sasanians Between the Third and Fifth Centuries AD”. Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 36, sy. 62, 2017, ss. 1-30.
Vancouver Demir M, Keçiş M. Nisibis at the border of Romans and Sasanians between the third and fifth centuries AD. TAD. 2017;36(62):1-30.