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Gender Roles in Families with Disabled Children

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 200 - 211, 01.12.2017

Öz

Observations show women, when examined in regards of gender roles, have a disproportionate responsibility for the caring of disabled children and the fulfillment of their needs. Such lopsided division of care naturally imposes considerable emotional, social, physical and economic pressure on women within their family and social environment. For this reason, it is important to highlight and the societal support mechanisms that provide help in coping with the evident added difficulties women face in their families. To ensure gender justice in the context of families with disabled children, it is necessary to encourage sound discussions to develop the much needed social policies at a micro, mezzo, and macro levels. This study examines the gender roles imposed on the members of families with disabled children before assessing the requisite educational, health and legal work needed to develop the needed social policies. In conclusion, the problems faced by families with disabilities and the resulting difficulties, stress, depression, tensions, are assessed from a perspective that highlight the gender roles imposed on each family member

Kaynakça

  • Ahmetoğlu, E. ve Aral, N. (2005). “Zihinsel Engelli Çocuğa Sahip Annelerin Kaygı Düzey- lerinin İncelenmesi”. Gazi Üniversitesi Özel Eğitim Kongresi, Ankara.
  • Akkök, F., Aşkar, P. ve Karancı, N. (1992).“Özürlü Bir Çocuğa Sahip Anne Babalardaki Stre- sin Yordanması”. Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 1(2), 8-12.
  • Altınova, H.H. ve Duyan, V. (2013). “Toplumsal Cinsiyet Algısı Ölçeğinin Geçerlik Güve- nirlik Çalışması”. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 24(2), 9-22.
  • Altuğ, Ö. S., Özkahraman, Ş. ve Çallı, F. (2006). “Zihinsel Engelli Çocuk Sahibi Ailelerin Yaşadıkları Güçlüklerin İncelenmesi”. Aile ve Toplum Dergisi, 3(9), 69-77.
  • Aykara, A. (2015). Zihinsel Engelli Kardeşe Sahip Bireylerin Yaşantılarının Değerlendiril- mesi. Doktora Tezi, Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Hizmet Anabilim Dalı.
  • Bahar, A., Bahar, G., Savaş, H. A. ve Parlar, S. (2009). “Engelli Çocukların Annelerinin Dep- resyon ve Anksiyete Düzeyleri ile Stresle Başa Çıkma Tarzlarının Belirlenmesi”. Fı- rat Sağlık Hizmetleri Dergisi. 4(11), 97-112.
  • Baker, D. L. &Drapela, L. A. (2010). “Mostly the Mother: Concentration of Adverse Employ- ment Effects on Mothers of Children with Autism”. The Social Science Journal, 47, 578–592.
  • Ballard, K. (1994). Disability, Family, Whañau and Society. Palmerston North, New Zealand: Dunmore Press.
  • Baumann, S. L. &Braddick, M. (1999). “Out of Their Element: Fathers of Children Who Are Not the Same”. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 14(6), 369–378.
  • Bayat, M., Salehi, M., Bozorgnezhad, A. &Asghari, A. (2011). “The Comparison of Psycho- logical Problems between Parents of Intellectual Disabilities Children and Parents of Normal Children”. World Applied Sciences Journal, 12 (4), 471-475.
  • Bray, A., Shelton, E.J., Ballard, K.& Clarkson, J. (1995). “Fathers of Children with Disabili- ties: Some Experiences and Reflections.” New Zealand Journal of Disability Stu- dies,1, 164–176.
  • Breslau, N., Staruch, K. S. &Mortimer, E. A. (1982). “Psychological Distress in Mothers of Disabled Children”, Am I DisChild, 136, 682-686.
  • Cangür, Ş., Civan, G., Çoban, S., Koç, M., Karakoç, H., Budak, S., İpekçi, E. ve Ankaralı, H. (2013). “Düzce İlinde Bedensel ve/veya Zihinsel Engelli Bireylere Sahip Ailelerin Toplumsal Yaşama Katılımlarının Karşılaştırmalı Olarak Değerlendirilmesi”. Düzce Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 3(3), 1-9.
  • Cankurtaran Öntaş, Ö. & Tunç Tekindal, M. (2016). “Women Who Sacrifice Themselves for Everybody: Qualitative Research with Mothers of Disabled Children”. European Journal of Social Work, 19(2), 275-289. DOI: 10.1080/13691457.2015.1026247
  • Carpenter B. &Towers C. (2008). “Recognising Fathers: The Needs of Fathers of Children with Disabilities”. Support for Learning, 23(3), 118-125.
  • Chou, Y. C., Kröger, T. &Pu, C. Y. (2017). “Underemployment among Mothers of Children with Intellectual Disabilities”. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities 1–7. DOI: 10.1111/ jar.12336
  • Davys D., Mitchell D. & Martin R. (2016). “Fathers of People with Intellectual Disability: A Review of the Literatüre”. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 1–22. DOI: 10.1177/1744629516650129
  • Doucet, A. (2001). “You See the Need Perhaps More Clearly than I Have”.Journal of Family Issues, 22(3), 328–57.
  • Dulac, G. (2000). “La Fragilité de la Paternité Dans la SociétéQuébécoise: Les Paradoxes du Père Nécessaire et du Père Abject”. Défi Jeunesse, 6(3), 17–23.
  • Duyan, V. (2007). Gruplarla Sosyal Hizmet: Grup Çalışmalarının Engelli Çocuğa Sahip An- nelerin Benlik Saygısı ve Yalnızlık Düzeyine Etkisi. Yayın No: 017, Ankara: Hacette- pe Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Duyan, V. (2010). Sosyal Hizmet: Temelleri, Yaklaşımları ve Müdahale Yöntemleri. Yayın No:016, Ankara: Sosyal Hizmet Uzmanları Derneği Genel Merkez Yayını.
  • Eagly, A. H., Wood, W., & Diekman, A. B. (2000). Social Role Theory of Sex Differences and Similarities: A Current Appraisal. In: T. Eckes& H. M. Trautner (Ed.), The Develop- mental Social Psychology of Gender (pp. 123–174).
  • Efilti, E. (2016). “Examination to Rejection Behaviors of Fathers Having with Mentally Di- sabled Child”. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. ISSN:1302- 8944. 40, 457-468.
  • Fidalgo, Z. & Pimental, J.S. (2004). “Mother–Child and Father–Child Interactions with Down Syndrome Children: A Comparative Study”. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,48(4-5), 321-339.
  • Flippin, M. & Crais, E. R. (2011). “The Need for More Effective Father Involvement in Early Autism Intervention: A Systematic Review and Recommendations”. Journal of Early Intervention, 33(1), 24–50.
  • Foster, K., O’Brien, L. & McAllister, M. (2004). “Addressing the Needs of Children of Parents with a Mental Illness: Current Approaches”. Contemporary Nurse,18(1–2), 67–80. [PubMed: 15729799]
  • Gallagher, J., Cross, A. & Scharfman, W. (1981). “Parental Adaptation to a Young Handicap- ped Child: The Fathers Role”. Journal of the Division for Early Childhood, 3(1), 3–14.
  • Green, S. E. (2003). “What Do YouMean “What’s Wrong with Her?”: Stigma and the Lives of Families of Children with Disabilities”. Social Science and Medicine, 57(8), 1361– 1374. [PubMed: 12927467]
  • Hauser-Cram, P., Warfield, M. E., Shonkoff, J. P. & Krauss, M. W. (2001). “Children with Disabilities: A Longitudinal Study of Child Development and Parent Well-being”. Monographs for the Society for Research in Child Development, 66(3), 1–101.
  • Herbert, E. & Carpenter, B. (1994). “Fathers – the Secondary Partners: Professional Percep- tions and a Father’s Recollections”. Children and Society, 8(1), 31–41.
  • Huerta, M., Adema, W., Baxter, J., Han, W., Lausten, M., Lee, R. &Waldfogel, J. (2013). “Fat- hers’ Leave, Fathers’ Involvement and Child Development: Are They Related? Evi- dence from Four OECD Countries”. OECD Social, Employmentand Migration Working Papers, No. 140, s.67. Doi:10.1787/5k4dlw9w6czq-en
  • Hyde, J. S. (2005). “The Gender Similarities Hypothesis”. American Psychologist, 60, 581- 592.
  • Işıkhan, V. (2005). Türkiye’de Zihinsel Engelli Çocuğa Sahip Annelerin Sorunları. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Jones P. S. (1995). “Paying Respect: Care of Elderly Parents by Chinese and Filipino Ameri- can Women”. Health Care for Women International, 16, 385–98.
  • Kaçan-Softa, H. (2013). “Engelli Çocuğa Sahip Ebeveynlerin Depresyon Düzeylerinin İnce- lenmesi”. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi,21(2), 589-600.
  • Lamb, M. E. &Billings, L. A. (1997). “Fathers of Children with Special Needs”.In: The Role of the Father in Child Development. (Ed. Lamb, M.E) Wiley; New York. s. 179-190.
  • Lukemeyer, A., Meyers, M. K. &Smeeding, T. (2000). “Expensive Children in Poor Families: Out-of-pocket Expenditures for the Care of Disabled and Chronically III Children in Welfare Families”. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62, 399–415.
  • McConkey, R. (1994). “Early Intervention: Planning Futures, Shaping Years”. Mental Handi- cap Research,7(1), 4–15.
  • Meyer, D. J., Vadasy, P. F., Fewell, R. R. &Schell, G. (1982). “Involving Fathers of Handicap- ped Infants: Translating Research Into program Goals”. Journal of the Division for Early Childhood,10(1), 64–72.
  • Miller, A. C., Gordon, R. M., Daniele, R. J. & Diller, L. (1992). “Stress, Appraisal and Coping in Mothers of Disabled and Nondisabled Children”. J Pediatr Psychol. 17,587-605.
  • O’Brien, M. (2005). “Shared Caring: Bringing Fathers into theFrame”. Equal Opportunities Commission Working Paper, Equal Opportunities Commission. Series Number: 18.
  • Olsson, M. B. &Hwang, C. P. (2006). “Well-being, Involvement in Paid Work and Division of Child-Care in Parents of Children with Intellectual Disabilities in Sweden”. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50, 963–969.
  • Özşenol, F., Işıkhan, V., Ünay, B., Aydın, H., Akın, R., Gökçay, E. (2003). “Engelli Çocuğa Sahip Ailelerin Aile İşlevlerinin Değerlendirilmesi”. Gülhane Tıp Dergisi, 45(2), 156-164.
  • Özüdoğru Erdoğan, H. N. (2010). “Engelliler ve Ailelerinin Yaşadığı Sorunlar”. Öz-Veri Dergisi,7(2), 1635.
  • Pelchat, D., Lefebvre, H. & Perreault, M. (2003). “Differences and Similarities between Mothers’ and Fathers’ Experiences of Parenting a Child with a Disability”. Journal of Child Health Care.7(4), 231–247. [PubMed: 14636429]
  • Quinn, P. (1999). “Supporting and Encouraging Father Involvement in Families of Children Who Have a Disability”. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal,16, 439–454.
  • Roach, M. A., Orsmond, G. I., & Barratt, M. S. (1999). “Mothers and Fathers of Children with Down Syndrome: Parental Stress and Involvement in Childcare”. American Journal on Mental Retardation,104, 422–436.
  • Rosen, M. G. & Dickinson, J. C. (1992). “The Incidence of Cerebral Palsy”. J Am Obstet Gynecol, 167, 417-423.
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  • StatisticsCanada. (2003). “Children with Disabilities and TheirFamilies”. Ottawa, ON: Housing, Family and Social Statistics Division, Statistics Canada.Received from: http:// www.statcan.gc. ca/pub/89-585-x/pdf/4228545-eng.pdf
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  • The Fatherhood Institute. (2010). The Fatherhood Report 2010–11.The Fairness in Families Index.
  • Thyen, U., Sperner, J., Morfeld, M., Meyer, C. & Ravens-Sieberer, U. (2003). “Unmet Care Needs and Impact on Families with Children with Disabilities in Germany”. Ambulatory Pediatrics, 3(2), 74–81.
  • Towers, C. (2007). “Let’s Not Forget About Fathers”. Learning DisabilityToday, 7(2), 15–21.
  • Towers, C. (2009). “Recognising Fathers: A National Survey of Fathers Who Have Children with Learning Disabilities”. Foundation for People with Learning Disabilities; Mental Health Foundation. Received from
  • https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/sites/default/files/recognising_fathers_briefing.pdf
  • Traustadottir, R. (1991). “Mothers Who Care: Gender Disability and Family Life”. Journal of Family Issues, 12(2), 211–28.
  • West, S. (2000). Just a Shadow: A Review of Support for Fathers of Children with Disabilities. Birmingham: HandselTrust.
  • Woodman, A. C. (2014). “Trajectories of Stress Among Parents of Children with Disabilities: A Dyadic Analysis”. Family Relations, 63, 39-54. DOİ: 10.1111/fare.12049
  • Yaralılar, T. (2010). Zihinsel Engelli Çocuğa Sahip Ailelerin Psiko-Sosyal Sorunları. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Sakarya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyoloji Anabilim Dalı.
  • Yıldırım-Sarı, H. (2007). “Zihinsel Engelli Çocuğu Olan Ailelerin Aile Yüklenmesi”.C.Ü. Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 11(2),1-7.

Engelli Çocuğa Sahip Ailelerde Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rolleri

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 200 - 211, 01.12.2017

Öz

Toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri bakımından incelendiğinde, engelli çocuğa sahip olan ailelerde çocuğa bakım verme ve çocuğun ihtiyaçlarının karşılanması sürecinde kadına toplum tarafından önemli bir görev atfedildiği gözlemlenmektedir. Bu durumda kadının aile, sosyal çevre ve toplum içerisinde duygusal, sosyal, fiziksel ve ekonomik güçlükler yaşaması kaçınılmaz gözükmektedir. Bu nedenle kadının engelli çocuğa sahip olan aile içerisinde karşılaştığı güçlüklerle mücadele ve sorunlarla baş etme sürecinde destek mekanizmalarının tartışılması önemlidir. Engelli çocuğa sahip olan ailelerde toplumsal cinsiyet rollerinin değerlendirilmesi ve konunun sosyal hizmet bağlamında tartışılması, toplumsal cinsiyet adaletinin sağlanmasında mikro, mezzo ve makro düzeyde ihtiyaç duyulan sosyal politikaların geliştirilmesi bakımından öneme sahiptir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, engelli çocuğa sahip olan ailelerde kadına ve erkeğe atfedilen toplumsal cinsiyet rollerini incelemek, sosyal hizmet bakış açısıyla değerlendirmek ve eğitim, sağlık ve hukuk bağlamında ortaya konabilecek sosyal politikalara bir bakış açısı sunmaktır. Bu gerekçeyle, çalışmada engelli çocuğa sahip olan ailelerin yaşadığı sorunlar ve karşılaştıkları güçlükler değerlendirilmiş, stres ve depresyon durumları ile aile yüklenmesi konuları tartışılarak engelli çocuğa sahip aileler toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri ve sosyal hizmet bağlamında ele alınmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmetoğlu, E. ve Aral, N. (2005). “Zihinsel Engelli Çocuğa Sahip Annelerin Kaygı Düzey- lerinin İncelenmesi”. Gazi Üniversitesi Özel Eğitim Kongresi, Ankara.
  • Akkök, F., Aşkar, P. ve Karancı, N. (1992).“Özürlü Bir Çocuğa Sahip Anne Babalardaki Stre- sin Yordanması”. Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 1(2), 8-12.
  • Altınova, H.H. ve Duyan, V. (2013). “Toplumsal Cinsiyet Algısı Ölçeğinin Geçerlik Güve- nirlik Çalışması”. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 24(2), 9-22.
  • Altuğ, Ö. S., Özkahraman, Ş. ve Çallı, F. (2006). “Zihinsel Engelli Çocuk Sahibi Ailelerin Yaşadıkları Güçlüklerin İncelenmesi”. Aile ve Toplum Dergisi, 3(9), 69-77.
  • Aykara, A. (2015). Zihinsel Engelli Kardeşe Sahip Bireylerin Yaşantılarının Değerlendiril- mesi. Doktora Tezi, Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Hizmet Anabilim Dalı.
  • Bahar, A., Bahar, G., Savaş, H. A. ve Parlar, S. (2009). “Engelli Çocukların Annelerinin Dep- resyon ve Anksiyete Düzeyleri ile Stresle Başa Çıkma Tarzlarının Belirlenmesi”. Fı- rat Sağlık Hizmetleri Dergisi. 4(11), 97-112.
  • Baker, D. L. &Drapela, L. A. (2010). “Mostly the Mother: Concentration of Adverse Employ- ment Effects on Mothers of Children with Autism”. The Social Science Journal, 47, 578–592.
  • Ballard, K. (1994). Disability, Family, Whañau and Society. Palmerston North, New Zealand: Dunmore Press.
  • Baumann, S. L. &Braddick, M. (1999). “Out of Their Element: Fathers of Children Who Are Not the Same”. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 14(6), 369–378.
  • Bayat, M., Salehi, M., Bozorgnezhad, A. &Asghari, A. (2011). “The Comparison of Psycho- logical Problems between Parents of Intellectual Disabilities Children and Parents of Normal Children”. World Applied Sciences Journal, 12 (4), 471-475.
  • Bray, A., Shelton, E.J., Ballard, K.& Clarkson, J. (1995). “Fathers of Children with Disabili- ties: Some Experiences and Reflections.” New Zealand Journal of Disability Stu- dies,1, 164–176.
  • Breslau, N., Staruch, K. S. &Mortimer, E. A. (1982). “Psychological Distress in Mothers of Disabled Children”, Am I DisChild, 136, 682-686.
  • Cangür, Ş., Civan, G., Çoban, S., Koç, M., Karakoç, H., Budak, S., İpekçi, E. ve Ankaralı, H. (2013). “Düzce İlinde Bedensel ve/veya Zihinsel Engelli Bireylere Sahip Ailelerin Toplumsal Yaşama Katılımlarının Karşılaştırmalı Olarak Değerlendirilmesi”. Düzce Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 3(3), 1-9.
  • Cankurtaran Öntaş, Ö. & Tunç Tekindal, M. (2016). “Women Who Sacrifice Themselves for Everybody: Qualitative Research with Mothers of Disabled Children”. European Journal of Social Work, 19(2), 275-289. DOI: 10.1080/13691457.2015.1026247
  • Carpenter B. &Towers C. (2008). “Recognising Fathers: The Needs of Fathers of Children with Disabilities”. Support for Learning, 23(3), 118-125.
  • Chou, Y. C., Kröger, T. &Pu, C. Y. (2017). “Underemployment among Mothers of Children with Intellectual Disabilities”. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities 1–7. DOI: 10.1111/ jar.12336
  • Davys D., Mitchell D. & Martin R. (2016). “Fathers of People with Intellectual Disability: A Review of the Literatüre”. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 1–22. DOI: 10.1177/1744629516650129
  • Doucet, A. (2001). “You See the Need Perhaps More Clearly than I Have”.Journal of Family Issues, 22(3), 328–57.
  • Dulac, G. (2000). “La Fragilité de la Paternité Dans la SociétéQuébécoise: Les Paradoxes du Père Nécessaire et du Père Abject”. Défi Jeunesse, 6(3), 17–23.
  • Duyan, V. (2007). Gruplarla Sosyal Hizmet: Grup Çalışmalarının Engelli Çocuğa Sahip An- nelerin Benlik Saygısı ve Yalnızlık Düzeyine Etkisi. Yayın No: 017, Ankara: Hacette- pe Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Duyan, V. (2010). Sosyal Hizmet: Temelleri, Yaklaşımları ve Müdahale Yöntemleri. Yayın No:016, Ankara: Sosyal Hizmet Uzmanları Derneği Genel Merkez Yayını.
  • Eagly, A. H., Wood, W., & Diekman, A. B. (2000). Social Role Theory of Sex Differences and Similarities: A Current Appraisal. In: T. Eckes& H. M. Trautner (Ed.), The Develop- mental Social Psychology of Gender (pp. 123–174).
  • Efilti, E. (2016). “Examination to Rejection Behaviors of Fathers Having with Mentally Di- sabled Child”. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. ISSN:1302- 8944. 40, 457-468.
  • Fidalgo, Z. & Pimental, J.S. (2004). “Mother–Child and Father–Child Interactions with Down Syndrome Children: A Comparative Study”. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,48(4-5), 321-339.
  • Flippin, M. & Crais, E. R. (2011). “The Need for More Effective Father Involvement in Early Autism Intervention: A Systematic Review and Recommendations”. Journal of Early Intervention, 33(1), 24–50.
  • Foster, K., O’Brien, L. & McAllister, M. (2004). “Addressing the Needs of Children of Parents with a Mental Illness: Current Approaches”. Contemporary Nurse,18(1–2), 67–80. [PubMed: 15729799]
  • Gallagher, J., Cross, A. & Scharfman, W. (1981). “Parental Adaptation to a Young Handicap- ped Child: The Fathers Role”. Journal of the Division for Early Childhood, 3(1), 3–14.
  • Green, S. E. (2003). “What Do YouMean “What’s Wrong with Her?”: Stigma and the Lives of Families of Children with Disabilities”. Social Science and Medicine, 57(8), 1361– 1374. [PubMed: 12927467]
  • Hauser-Cram, P., Warfield, M. E., Shonkoff, J. P. & Krauss, M. W. (2001). “Children with Disabilities: A Longitudinal Study of Child Development and Parent Well-being”. Monographs for the Society for Research in Child Development, 66(3), 1–101.
  • Herbert, E. & Carpenter, B. (1994). “Fathers – the Secondary Partners: Professional Percep- tions and a Father’s Recollections”. Children and Society, 8(1), 31–41.
  • Huerta, M., Adema, W., Baxter, J., Han, W., Lausten, M., Lee, R. &Waldfogel, J. (2013). “Fat- hers’ Leave, Fathers’ Involvement and Child Development: Are They Related? Evi- dence from Four OECD Countries”. OECD Social, Employmentand Migration Working Papers, No. 140, s.67. Doi:10.1787/5k4dlw9w6czq-en
  • Hyde, J. S. (2005). “The Gender Similarities Hypothesis”. American Psychologist, 60, 581- 592.
  • Işıkhan, V. (2005). Türkiye’de Zihinsel Engelli Çocuğa Sahip Annelerin Sorunları. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Jones P. S. (1995). “Paying Respect: Care of Elderly Parents by Chinese and Filipino Ameri- can Women”. Health Care for Women International, 16, 385–98.
  • Kaçan-Softa, H. (2013). “Engelli Çocuğa Sahip Ebeveynlerin Depresyon Düzeylerinin İnce- lenmesi”. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi,21(2), 589-600.
  • Lamb, M. E. &Billings, L. A. (1997). “Fathers of Children with Special Needs”.In: The Role of the Father in Child Development. (Ed. Lamb, M.E) Wiley; New York. s. 179-190.
  • Lukemeyer, A., Meyers, M. K. &Smeeding, T. (2000). “Expensive Children in Poor Families: Out-of-pocket Expenditures for the Care of Disabled and Chronically III Children in Welfare Families”. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62, 399–415.
  • McConkey, R. (1994). “Early Intervention: Planning Futures, Shaping Years”. Mental Handi- cap Research,7(1), 4–15.
  • Meyer, D. J., Vadasy, P. F., Fewell, R. R. &Schell, G. (1982). “Involving Fathers of Handicap- ped Infants: Translating Research Into program Goals”. Journal of the Division for Early Childhood,10(1), 64–72.
  • Miller, A. C., Gordon, R. M., Daniele, R. J. & Diller, L. (1992). “Stress, Appraisal and Coping in Mothers of Disabled and Nondisabled Children”. J Pediatr Psychol. 17,587-605.
  • O’Brien, M. (2005). “Shared Caring: Bringing Fathers into theFrame”. Equal Opportunities Commission Working Paper, Equal Opportunities Commission. Series Number: 18.
  • Olsson, M. B. &Hwang, C. P. (2006). “Well-being, Involvement in Paid Work and Division of Child-Care in Parents of Children with Intellectual Disabilities in Sweden”. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50, 963–969.
  • Özşenol, F., Işıkhan, V., Ünay, B., Aydın, H., Akın, R., Gökçay, E. (2003). “Engelli Çocuğa Sahip Ailelerin Aile İşlevlerinin Değerlendirilmesi”. Gülhane Tıp Dergisi, 45(2), 156-164.
  • Özüdoğru Erdoğan, H. N. (2010). “Engelliler ve Ailelerinin Yaşadığı Sorunlar”. Öz-Veri Dergisi,7(2), 1635.
  • Pelchat, D., Lefebvre, H. & Perreault, M. (2003). “Differences and Similarities between Mothers’ and Fathers’ Experiences of Parenting a Child with a Disability”. Journal of Child Health Care.7(4), 231–247. [PubMed: 14636429]
  • Quinn, P. (1999). “Supporting and Encouraging Father Involvement in Families of Children Who Have a Disability”. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal,16, 439–454.
  • Roach, M. A., Orsmond, G. I., & Barratt, M. S. (1999). “Mothers and Fathers of Children with Down Syndrome: Parental Stress and Involvement in Childcare”. American Journal on Mental Retardation,104, 422–436.
  • Rosen, M. G. & Dickinson, J. C. (1992). “The Incidence of Cerebral Palsy”. J Am Obstet Gynecol, 167, 417-423.
  • Silver, H. H. & Wellman, N. (2002). “Family Caregiver Training is Needed to Improve Outcomes for Older Adults Using Home Care Technologies”. J Am Diet Assoc, 102, 831-836.
  • StatisticsCanada. (2003). “Children with Disabilities and TheirFamilies”. Ottawa, ON: Housing, Family and Social Statistics Division, Statistics Canada.Received from: http:// www.statcan.gc. ca/pub/89-585-x/pdf/4228545-eng.pdf
  • Telef, B. B. (2013). “Engelli Çocuğa Sahip Ebeveynlerin Öz-Yeterliklerinin ve Psikolojik Belirtilerinin İncelenmesi”. Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(1), 33- 49.
  • The Fatherhood Institute. (2010). The Fatherhood Report 2010–11.The Fairness in Families Index.
  • Thyen, U., Sperner, J., Morfeld, M., Meyer, C. & Ravens-Sieberer, U. (2003). “Unmet Care Needs and Impact on Families with Children with Disabilities in Germany”. Ambulatory Pediatrics, 3(2), 74–81.
  • Towers, C. (2007). “Let’s Not Forget About Fathers”. Learning DisabilityToday, 7(2), 15–21.
  • Towers, C. (2009). “Recognising Fathers: A National Survey of Fathers Who Have Children with Learning Disabilities”. Foundation for People with Learning Disabilities; Mental Health Foundation. Received from
  • https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/sites/default/files/recognising_fathers_briefing.pdf
  • Traustadottir, R. (1991). “Mothers Who Care: Gender Disability and Family Life”. Journal of Family Issues, 12(2), 211–28.
  • West, S. (2000). Just a Shadow: A Review of Support for Fathers of Children with Disabilities. Birmingham: HandselTrust.
  • Woodman, A. C. (2014). “Trajectories of Stress Among Parents of Children with Disabilities: A Dyadic Analysis”. Family Relations, 63, 39-54. DOİ: 10.1111/fare.12049
  • Yaralılar, T. (2010). Zihinsel Engelli Çocuğa Sahip Ailelerin Psiko-Sosyal Sorunları. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Sakarya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyoloji Anabilim Dalı.
  • Yıldırım-Sarı, H. (2007). “Zihinsel Engelli Çocuğu Olan Ailelerin Aile Yüklenmesi”.C.Ü. Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 11(2),1-7.
Toplam 61 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Cinsiyet Rolleri Bu kişi benim

Serdarhan Duru

Veli Duyan

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Rolleri, C., Duru, S., & Duyan, V. (2017). Engelli Çocuğa Sahip Ailelerde Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rolleri. KADEM Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(2), 200-211. https://doi.org/10.21798/kadem.20182365970