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RIGHT POPULISM IN EUROPE: THE CASE OF PARTY FOR FREEDOM IN NETHERLANDS

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 61 - 74, 13.10.2023

Öz

Although populism is used in many countries of the world to describe political actors with completely different ideological characteristics, it is considered an ambiguous and ambiguous concept. Populist movements have influenced Europe since the 1990s, and right and left populist parties in Europe are now reaching significant vote rates. Right-wing populist parties in Europe; It is generally labeled with xenophobia, racism, anti-elitism, and intolerance towards other religions. Today, one of the most important examples of right-wing populist politics is the Freedom Party (PVV) operating in the Netherlands. This party, which was founded in 2006 and has no members other than its Chairman Geert Wilders, unlike other populist parties, does not engage in anti-Semitism and is even supported by the State of Israel and Jewish lobbies. It is seen that PVV is discriminatory in terms of anti-immigrant sentiment, and this party positions itself especially on anti-Islamism. In this study, the concepts of populism and right-wing populism are first questioned and then a historical evaluation of populism in the Netherlands is made, aiming to analyze the distinctive features of the PVV and the political discourses of Chairman Wilders.

Kaynakça

  • Abka, Sinem (2021), “Hollanda'da Popülist Radikal Sağın Yükselişi”, Batı Avrupa'da Popülist Radikal Sağ Partiler içinde, Editörler: Müge Aknur ve İ. Saylan, Nobel Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Berlin, Isaiah (1968), “To define populism”, Government and Opposition, 3(2), 137–180. doi:10.1111/j.1477-7053.1968.tb01332.x
  • Beyme, Klaus Von (2019), Rightwing Populism An Element of Neodemocracy, Springer, Baden-Württemberg.
  • Bot, Michiel (2017), “Elements of Anti-Islam Populism: Critiquing Geert Wilders’ Politics of Offense with Marcuse and Adorno”, Krisis: Journal for Contemporary Philosophy, 2, 13-25.
  • Canovan, Margaret (1981), Populism, Junction Books, Londra.
  • Deutsch,Anthony ve Mark Hosenball, Exclusive: U.S. groups helped fund Dutch anti-Islam politician Wilders, Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dutch-wilders-us/exclusive-u-s-%20groups-helped-fund-dutch-anti-islam-politician-wilders-idUSBRE8890A720120910, 29.09.2023.
  • Fassin, Eric (2018), Popülizm:Büyük Hınç. Heretik Yayınları , Ankara.
  • Finchelstein, Freidrich (2021), Faşizmden Popülizme, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Fortuyn, Pim (2002), De Puinhopen van acht jaar paars. Een genadeloze analyse van de collectieve sector en aanbevelingen voor een krachtig herstelprogramma, Karakter Uitgevers BV,Rotterdam.
  • Houwen, Tim (2011), “The non-European roots of the concept of populism”, Sussex European Institute, University of Sussex.
  • Judis, John B. (2016), The Populist Explosion: How The Great Recession Transformed American And European Politics. Columbia Global Reports, New York.
  • Karataş, İbrahim (2019), “Avrupa’da Popülist Partilerin Yükselişi; Hollanda’da PVV Örneği”, Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5(1), 28-42.
  • Karavallis, Lazaros (2018), Is Left-Wing Populism Still Relevant? , The New Pretender, http://new-pretender.com/2018/07/22/is-left-wing-populism-still-relevant/, 16.08.2023
  • Kessel, Stijn (2015), Populist Parties in Europe : Agents of Discontent, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
  • Krastev, Ivan (2007), The Populist Moment, Eurozine , https://www.eurozine.com/the-populist-moment/, 19.08.2023.
  • Kuipers, Joyce (2011), The PVV, ―the Dutch populist party? Measuring populism in the Netherlands: a quantitative text analysis, Bachelor thesis European Studies, University of Twente.
  • Laclau, Ernesto (1977), Politics and Ideology in Marxist Theory, New Left Books, London.
  • March, Luke (2007), “From vanguard of the proletariat to vox populi: Left populism as a shadow of contemporary socialism”, SAIS Review, 27(1), 63-77.
  • Mouffe, Chantal (2023), Sol Popülizm. İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Müller, Jan Werner (2019), Popülizm Nedir?, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Mudde, Cas (2002), “The Pink Populist: Pim Fortuyn for Beginners”, e-Extreme, 3 (2).
  • Mudde, Cas (2022), Günümüzde Aşırı Sağ. Nika Yayınevi, Ankara.
  • Mudde, Cas ve Cristobal Rovira Kaltwasser (2019), Popülizm: Kısa Bir Giriş, Nika Yayınevi, Ankara.
  • Öner, Selcen (2018), “Avrupa’da Yükselen Popülizm ve Radikal Sağ: Avusturya Örneği İlişkileri”, Euro Politika , 39-53.
  • PVV (2018), Partij Programma, Tweede Kamerfraactetie Partij Voor de Vrijheid, https://www.pvv.nl/, Erişim Tarihi: 28.08.2023.
  • Shils, Edward A. (1996), The Torment of Secrecy: The Background and Consequences of American Security Policies, Elephant Paperback , Chicago.
  • Meny, Yves ve Yves Surel (2002), Democracies and Populist Challenge,Palgrave, Basingstoke. Taggart, Paul (2004), Popülizm, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Toprak, Zafer (1992), “Popülizm ve Türkiye'deki Boyutları”, Tarih ve Demokrasi - Tarık Zafer Tunaya’ya Armağan, Cem Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Voerman, Gerrit ve Paul Lucardie (2007), “De Sociaal-Democratisering van de SP”., Verloren Slag. De PvdA en de verkiezingen van november 2006 (s. 139-164), F. Becker , & R. Cuperus (Eds.), Mets and Schilt/Wiardi Beckman Stichting, Amsterdam.
  • Voermann, Gerrit ve Paul Lucardie (2013), “Geert Wilders and the Party for Freedom: A Political Entrepreneur in the Polder”. K. Grabouw, & F. Hartleb (Eds.), Exposing the Demogogues: Right-wing and National Populist Parties in Europe (pp. 187-204). Centre for European Studies & Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung.
  • Vossen, Koen (2015), “Agrarian parties in the Netherlands: The Plattelandersbond and the Boerenpartij”. Rural protest groups and populist political parties (ss. 291-302). Dirk Strijker, Gerrit Voerman and Ida Terluin (Eds), Wageningen Academic Publishers, https://doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-807-0_13
  • Wielenga, Friso (2019), A History of the Netherlands: From the Sixteenth Century to the Present Day, Bloomsbury Academic, London.
  • Worsley, Peter (1969). “The Concept of Populism”, Populism Its Meanings and National Characteristics (s. 212-250), G. Lonescu, & E. Gellner (Eds), Weidenfeld and Nicolson , London.

AVRUPA’DA SAĞ POPÜLİZM: HOLLANDA’DA ÖZGÜRLÜK PARTİSİ ÖRNEĞİ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 61 - 74, 13.10.2023

Öz

Popülizm, dünyanın birçok ülkesinde ideolojik açıdan birbirinden tamamen farklı özelliklere sahip siyasi aktörleri tarif etmek amacıyla kullanılsa da müphem ve muğlak bir kavram olarak değerlendirilir. Popülist hareketler, 1990’lı yıllardan itibaren Avrupa’yı etkisi altına almıştır ve Avrupa’daki sağ ve sol popülist partiler günümüzde önemli oy oranlarına ulaşmaktadırlar. Avrupa’da sağ popülist partiler; genel olarak yabancı düşmanlığı, ırkçılık, elit karşıtlığı ve diğer dinlere karşı tahammülsüzlük özellikleriyle etiketlenir. Günümüzde sağ popülist siyasetin en önemli örneklerinden birini Hollanda’da faaliyet gösteren Özgürlük Partisi (PVV) oluşturur. 2006’da kurulan ve Genel Başkanı Geert Wilders haricinde üyesi bulunmayan bu parti, diğer popülist partilerden farklı olarak, Yahudi karşıtlığı yapmamakta ve hatta İsrail Devleti ve Yahudi lobileri tarafından desteklenmektedir. PVV’nin göçmen karşıtlığı hususunda ayrımcı davrandığı görülür ki bu parti kendisini bilhassa İslam karşıtlığı üzerinde konumlandırır. Bu çalışmada öncelikle popülizm ve sağ popülizm kavramları sorgulanmakta ve devamında Hollanda’da popülizmin tarihsel bir değerlendirilmesi yapılarak PVV’nin belirgin özellikleri ve Genel Başkan Wilders’ın siyasi söylemlerinin analiz edilmesi amaçlanmıştır

Kaynakça

  • Abka, Sinem (2021), “Hollanda'da Popülist Radikal Sağın Yükselişi”, Batı Avrupa'da Popülist Radikal Sağ Partiler içinde, Editörler: Müge Aknur ve İ. Saylan, Nobel Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Berlin, Isaiah (1968), “To define populism”, Government and Opposition, 3(2), 137–180. doi:10.1111/j.1477-7053.1968.tb01332.x
  • Beyme, Klaus Von (2019), Rightwing Populism An Element of Neodemocracy, Springer, Baden-Württemberg.
  • Bot, Michiel (2017), “Elements of Anti-Islam Populism: Critiquing Geert Wilders’ Politics of Offense with Marcuse and Adorno”, Krisis: Journal for Contemporary Philosophy, 2, 13-25.
  • Canovan, Margaret (1981), Populism, Junction Books, Londra.
  • Deutsch,Anthony ve Mark Hosenball, Exclusive: U.S. groups helped fund Dutch anti-Islam politician Wilders, Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dutch-wilders-us/exclusive-u-s-%20groups-helped-fund-dutch-anti-islam-politician-wilders-idUSBRE8890A720120910, 29.09.2023.
  • Fassin, Eric (2018), Popülizm:Büyük Hınç. Heretik Yayınları , Ankara.
  • Finchelstein, Freidrich (2021), Faşizmden Popülizme, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Fortuyn, Pim (2002), De Puinhopen van acht jaar paars. Een genadeloze analyse van de collectieve sector en aanbevelingen voor een krachtig herstelprogramma, Karakter Uitgevers BV,Rotterdam.
  • Houwen, Tim (2011), “The non-European roots of the concept of populism”, Sussex European Institute, University of Sussex.
  • Judis, John B. (2016), The Populist Explosion: How The Great Recession Transformed American And European Politics. Columbia Global Reports, New York.
  • Karataş, İbrahim (2019), “Avrupa’da Popülist Partilerin Yükselişi; Hollanda’da PVV Örneği”, Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5(1), 28-42.
  • Karavallis, Lazaros (2018), Is Left-Wing Populism Still Relevant? , The New Pretender, http://new-pretender.com/2018/07/22/is-left-wing-populism-still-relevant/, 16.08.2023
  • Kessel, Stijn (2015), Populist Parties in Europe : Agents of Discontent, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
  • Krastev, Ivan (2007), The Populist Moment, Eurozine , https://www.eurozine.com/the-populist-moment/, 19.08.2023.
  • Kuipers, Joyce (2011), The PVV, ―the Dutch populist party? Measuring populism in the Netherlands: a quantitative text analysis, Bachelor thesis European Studies, University of Twente.
  • Laclau, Ernesto (1977), Politics and Ideology in Marxist Theory, New Left Books, London.
  • March, Luke (2007), “From vanguard of the proletariat to vox populi: Left populism as a shadow of contemporary socialism”, SAIS Review, 27(1), 63-77.
  • Mouffe, Chantal (2023), Sol Popülizm. İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Müller, Jan Werner (2019), Popülizm Nedir?, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Mudde, Cas (2002), “The Pink Populist: Pim Fortuyn for Beginners”, e-Extreme, 3 (2).
  • Mudde, Cas (2022), Günümüzde Aşırı Sağ. Nika Yayınevi, Ankara.
  • Mudde, Cas ve Cristobal Rovira Kaltwasser (2019), Popülizm: Kısa Bir Giriş, Nika Yayınevi, Ankara.
  • Öner, Selcen (2018), “Avrupa’da Yükselen Popülizm ve Radikal Sağ: Avusturya Örneği İlişkileri”, Euro Politika , 39-53.
  • PVV (2018), Partij Programma, Tweede Kamerfraactetie Partij Voor de Vrijheid, https://www.pvv.nl/, Erişim Tarihi: 28.08.2023.
  • Shils, Edward A. (1996), The Torment of Secrecy: The Background and Consequences of American Security Policies, Elephant Paperback , Chicago.
  • Meny, Yves ve Yves Surel (2002), Democracies and Populist Challenge,Palgrave, Basingstoke. Taggart, Paul (2004), Popülizm, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Toprak, Zafer (1992), “Popülizm ve Türkiye'deki Boyutları”, Tarih ve Demokrasi - Tarık Zafer Tunaya’ya Armağan, Cem Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Voerman, Gerrit ve Paul Lucardie (2007), “De Sociaal-Democratisering van de SP”., Verloren Slag. De PvdA en de verkiezingen van november 2006 (s. 139-164), F. Becker , & R. Cuperus (Eds.), Mets and Schilt/Wiardi Beckman Stichting, Amsterdam.
  • Voermann, Gerrit ve Paul Lucardie (2013), “Geert Wilders and the Party for Freedom: A Political Entrepreneur in the Polder”. K. Grabouw, & F. Hartleb (Eds.), Exposing the Demogogues: Right-wing and National Populist Parties in Europe (pp. 187-204). Centre for European Studies & Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung.
  • Vossen, Koen (2015), “Agrarian parties in the Netherlands: The Plattelandersbond and the Boerenpartij”. Rural protest groups and populist political parties (ss. 291-302). Dirk Strijker, Gerrit Voerman and Ida Terluin (Eds), Wageningen Academic Publishers, https://doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-807-0_13
  • Wielenga, Friso (2019), A History of the Netherlands: From the Sixteenth Century to the Present Day, Bloomsbury Academic, London.
  • Worsley, Peter (1969). “The Concept of Populism”, Populism Its Meanings and National Characteristics (s. 212-250), G. Lonescu, & E. Gellner (Eds), Weidenfeld and Nicolson , London.
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Avrupa ve Bölge Çalışmaları, Karşılaştırmalı Siyasi Hareketler, Siyasal Akımlar
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Deniz Yağız 0000-0002-3600-5992

Candaş Can 0000-0001-6391-3067

Yayımlanma Tarihi 13 Ekim 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 28 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Yağız, D., & Can, C. (2023). AVRUPA’DA SAĞ POPÜLİZM: HOLLANDA’DA ÖZGÜRLÜK PARTİSİ ÖRNEĞİ. Journal of Political Administrative and Local Studies, 6(2), 61-74.