Öz
When the Allied powers advanced into Syria, the
political divisions of the country followed the lines of the provincial
administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire, and in the late Ottoman period
territorial borders of Syria were virtually nonexistent. British
troops under Marshal Edmund Henry Allenby entered Damascus in 1918 accompanied
by troops of the Arab Revolt led by Faisal, son of Sharif Hussein of Mecca.
General Allenby, and in accordance with the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement
between Britain and France, assigned to the Arab administration only the
interior regions of Syria (the eastern zone). Palestine (the southern zone) was
reserved for the British, and on October 8, French troops disembarked in Beirut
and occupied all the Lebanese coastal region until Naqoura (the western zone)
replacing British troops there. The French immediately dissolved the local Arab
governments in the region. The French demanded full implementation of the
Sykes–Picot Agreement and the placement of Syria under their influence. On
November 26, 1919, the British withdrew from Damascus to avoid confrontation
with the French, leaving the Arab government face to face with the French.
Soon after the Allied Power’s occupation the southern
part, Palestine, was assigned to the British Mandate, and the other, Syria and
the Lebanon, was assigned to the France Mandate. The process of political
radicalization was initiated during the era of the French Mandate; the French
legacy to Syria was almost a guarantee of political instability. The creation
of Greater Lebanon destined the Lebanese to an unstable political system which
is based on sectarian rivalries. The purpose of this study is to examine
France’s imperial objectives and the fragmentation of Greater Syria; at the
same time examining France’s implementation of colonial tradition of ruling by
division policy in 1920s which has planted the seeds of today’s problems in
Syria.
Anahtar Kelimeler
French Imperialism Colonial Tradition World War I Syria Mandate
Kaynakça
- Akarlı, E. D. (1993). The Long Peace: Ottoman Lebanon, 1861-1920. University of California Press.
- Andrew, Christopher M. & Kanya-Forstner, A.S. (1981). France Overseas: The Great War and the Climax of French Imperial Expansion: 1914-1924. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- Antonius, George. (1934). “Syria and the French Mandate”, International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1931-1939), Vol. 13, No.4, 523-539.
- Burke III, Edmund .(1973). “A Comparative View of French Native Policy in Morocco and Syria”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.9, No.2, 175-186.
- Chaitani, Youssef. (2007). The decline of Arab Nationalism and the Triumph of the State: Post-Colonial Syria and Lebanon. London, New York: I.B.Tauris.
- Cleveland, William L. (2004). A History of the Modern Middle East, 3rd ed. Westview Press.
- Fieldhouse, D.K. (2006). Western Imperialism in the Middle East 1914-1958. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Flandin, E. (1915). Rapport sur la Syrie et la Palestine. Paris
- Howard, Harry N. (1963). The King-Crane Commission. Beirut: Khayats.
- Huneydi, Sahar. (2001). A Broken Trust: Herbert Samuel, Zionism and the Palestinians. London, New York: I.B.Tauris.Kedourie, Elie. (1981). Islam in the Modern World and Other Studies. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
- Khalidi, Rashid. (1980). British Policy towards Syria and Palestine, 1906-1914: A Study of the Antecedents of the Hussein-McMahon Correspondence, the Sykes-Picot Agreement, and the Balfour Declaration. Oxford.
- Khoury, Philips S. (1987). Syria and the French Mandate; the Politics of Arab Nationalism, 1920-1945. I. B. Tauris.
- Knox, D. Edward. (1981). The Making of a New Eastern Question: British Palestine Policy and the Origins of Israel, 1917-1925. Washington D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press.
- Pedersen, Susan. (2006). “The Meaning of the Mandates System: An Argument” Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 32. Jahrg., H. 4, 560-582.
- Schneer, Jonathan. (2011). The Balfour Declaration: The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. London: Bloomsbury.
- Shambrook, Peter A. (1998). French Imperialism in Syria 1927-1936. Lebanon: Ithaca Press.
- Tanenbaum, Jan Karl. (1978). “France and the Arab Middle East, 1914-1920”, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, Vol. 68, No. 7, 1-50.
- Tibawi, A.L. (1978). Anglo-Arab relations and the Question of Palestine, 1914-1921. London: Luzac & Company Ltd.
Öz
Kaynakça
- Akarlı, E. D. (1993). The Long Peace: Ottoman Lebanon, 1861-1920. University of California Press.
- Andrew, Christopher M. & Kanya-Forstner, A.S. (1981). France Overseas: The Great War and the Climax of French Imperial Expansion: 1914-1924. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- Antonius, George. (1934). “Syria and the French Mandate”, International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1931-1939), Vol. 13, No.4, 523-539.
- Burke III, Edmund .(1973). “A Comparative View of French Native Policy in Morocco and Syria”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.9, No.2, 175-186.
- Chaitani, Youssef. (2007). The decline of Arab Nationalism and the Triumph of the State: Post-Colonial Syria and Lebanon. London, New York: I.B.Tauris.
- Cleveland, William L. (2004). A History of the Modern Middle East, 3rd ed. Westview Press.
- Fieldhouse, D.K. (2006). Western Imperialism in the Middle East 1914-1958. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Flandin, E. (1915). Rapport sur la Syrie et la Palestine. Paris
- Howard, Harry N. (1963). The King-Crane Commission. Beirut: Khayats.
- Huneydi, Sahar. (2001). A Broken Trust: Herbert Samuel, Zionism and the Palestinians. London, New York: I.B.Tauris.Kedourie, Elie. (1981). Islam in the Modern World and Other Studies. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
- Khalidi, Rashid. (1980). British Policy towards Syria and Palestine, 1906-1914: A Study of the Antecedents of the Hussein-McMahon Correspondence, the Sykes-Picot Agreement, and the Balfour Declaration. Oxford.
- Khoury, Philips S. (1987). Syria and the French Mandate; the Politics of Arab Nationalism, 1920-1945. I. B. Tauris.
- Knox, D. Edward. (1981). The Making of a New Eastern Question: British Palestine Policy and the Origins of Israel, 1917-1925. Washington D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press.
- Pedersen, Susan. (2006). “The Meaning of the Mandates System: An Argument” Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 32. Jahrg., H. 4, 560-582.
- Schneer, Jonathan. (2011). The Balfour Declaration: The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. London: Bloomsbury.
- Shambrook, Peter A. (1998). French Imperialism in Syria 1927-1936. Lebanon: Ithaca Press.
- Tanenbaum, Jan Karl. (1978). “France and the Arab Middle East, 1914-1920”, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, Vol. 68, No. 7, 1-50.
- Tibawi, A.L. (1978). Anglo-Arab relations and the Question of Palestine, 1914-1921. London: Luzac & Company Ltd.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Derleme Makale |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Haziran 2018 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2018 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1 |
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