Araştırma Makalesi
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Amerikan Siyasetinde Dinin Yeni Rolü: Evanjelik Kilisesinin Başta İsrail Filistin Sorunu Olmak Üzere Ortadoğu Politikası Üzerindeki Etkileri

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 2, 149 - 161, 30.10.2018

Öz

Orta Doğu’da uzun yıllardır sürmekte olan Filistin-İsrail çatışması ve siyasi kargaşa tüm dünyanın dikkatini bu bölgeye çekmektedir. Bölgedeki ana aktör olan Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin İsrail yanlısı politikaları özellikle Cumhuriyetçi Parti Başkanlarının yönetimi sürecinde oldukça görünür hale gelmiştir. Son beş cumhuriyetçi başkanın Hıristiyan Evanjelist olmasından yola çıkarak, bu araştırmada söz konusu coğrafi bölge için alınan dış politika kararlarında ve uygulanan politikalarda dini inançların etkilerini incelemek amaçlanmaktadır. 16. ve 17. yüzyıllarda püriten bir dini inanç olarak İngiltere’de başlayan bu hareket, ABD’ne ulaştıktan sonra aşırı sağcı Hıristiyan bir yapıya bürünmüştür. Püriten Evanjelistler İncil’i hiçbir mealini göz önünde bulundurmadan, harfi harfine okumaları üzerine yaptıkları çıkarım sonucunda İsrail’in Tanrı tarafından Yahudilere verildiğine inanarak Yahudi Siyonizmini desteklemişler ve 1980’lerde “Hıristiyan Siyonistler” olarak isimlendirilmeye başlanmışlardır. Bu makalede Hıristiyan Siyonistlerin Amerikan dış politikasına etkileri, Trump yönetiminin Amerikan Elçiliği’ni Kudüs’e taşıma kararı ve Kudüs’ün İsrail’in başkenti olduğunu resmen kabul etmesinin ardından değişen Filistin söylemi incelenmektedir. Çalışmada ilk olarak Yahudi Siyonizmi ve Hıristiyan Siyonizmi kavramsal olarak ele alınmış ve ardından Hıristiyan Siyonizminin tarihsel gelişimi anlatılmıştır. Son bölümde ise Hıristiyan Siyonistlerin modern İsrail Devleti’ne yönelik görüşleri ve bu görüşlerden yola çıkarak İsrail’e destekleri ve Amerikan dış politikasını Filistin sorunu bağlamında ne şekilde etkiledikleri incelenmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Burge, Gary, M. (2014). “Evangelicals and Christian Zionism” in Zionism and the Quest for Justice in the Holy Land, Edited by Donald E. Wagner and Walter T. Davis, Pickwick Publication.
  • Cook, J. (2018). “Under Trump, the Israel lobby is a Hydra with many heads”, Middle East Eye, https://www.middleeasteye.net/columns/under-trump-israel-lobby-hasgrown-many-headed-hydra-1970608671 Accessed: 10.08.2018
  • Cortellessa, E. (2018). The Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/on-70thanniversary-trump-says-us-has-no-better-friends-anywhere-than-israel/ Accessed: 10.08.2018
  • Goldman, S (2018). God’s Country: Christian Zionism in America, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press (PENN).
  • Haija, R. M. (2006). “The Armageddon Lobby: Dispensationalist Christian Zionism and the Shaping of Us Policy towards Israel-Palestine”, Holy Land Studies, 5.1, 2006, pp.75–95 Muse Project Hal, L. The Late Great Planet Earth, London: Lakeland, 1970.
  • Halsell, G. (1988). “Israeli Extremists and Christian Fundamentalists: The Alliance” Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, December 1988, p.31 https://www.wrmea. org/1988-december/israeli-extremists-and-christian-fundamentalists-the-alliance.html Accessed: 25.5.2018
  • Hornsttra, W. (2007). Christian Zionism Among Evangelicals In The Federal Republic Of Germany, 2007 Oxford Centre for Mission Studies, Unpublished PhD Thesis http://gc.uofn. edu/files/journals/1/Resources/WillemHornstraPhDdissertation.pdf Accessed 15.7.2018
  • Ice, T. D. (2009). “Lovers of Zion: A History of Christian Zionism”, In Article Archives, Paper 29 http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/pretrib_arch/29, Accessed: 27.03.2018
  • Kiracofe, C. A. Jr. (2009). Dark Crusade: Christian Zionism and US Foreign Policy, I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd.
  • Mearsheimer, J. J. & Walt, S. M. (2006). The Israel Lobby And U.S. Foreign Policy, Harvard University Joh F. Kennedy School of Government Faculty Research Working Paper Series RWP06-011, Published by New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux in 2007 http://mearsheimer.uchicago.edu/pdfs/A0040.pdf Accessed: 7.7.2018
  • Mohr, S. (2013). “Understanding American Christian Zionism: Case Studies of Christians United for Israel and Christian Friends of Israeli Communities”, Journal of Politics & International Studies, 9, pp. 287-331
  • Morrison, P. (2007). The Dangerous Potent Elixir of Christian Zionism, Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, pp. 58-59. https://www.wrmea.org/007-april/thedangerous-potent-elixir-of-Christian-zionism.html. Accessed: 27.03.2018
  • Prior, M. (2005). Zionism and the State of Israel a Moral Inquiry, Taylor & Francis e-Library.
  • Salleh M. A. (2011). The Christian Right and US Foreign Policy in the Twenty-first Century, Durham theses, Durham University, p.144. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/669/
  • Sizer, S. R. (2002). The Promised Land: a critical investigation of Evangelical Christian Zionism in Britain and the United States of America since 1800, PhD thesis, Middlesex University, Accessed: 25.5.2018
  • Sizer, S. R. (2005). Christian Zionism: Its History, Theology and Politics, AAARGH Internet Editions. http://www.stephensizer.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/ Christian-Zionism-Master-History-part-1.pdf Accessed: 25.5.2018
  • Steiner, K. & Lundberg, A. (2015). “Peace and End Time Expectations in Christian Zionism”, Nordic Journal of Religion and Society, 28(2), pp. 117–136
  • Strong, M. (2018). “How Christian Zionist Got Their Man into the White House” Middle East Eye, 2, http://www.middleeasteye.net/essays/battle-armageddon-776157873 Accessed: 10.7.2018
  • Tuchman, B. W. (1957). Bible and Sword: How the British came to Palestine, Redman UK: Macmillan.
  • Victor, B. (2005). The Last Crusade: Religion and the Politics of Misdirection, London.
  • Wagner, D. (2003). Christian Zionists, Israel And The ‘ Second Coming’ Part 2 in a series of 5 articles on Christian Zionism: Part 1 - Part 2 - Part 3 - Part 4 - Part 5, The Daily Star. http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article4930.htm Accessed 8.7.2018
  • Watson, W. (Dr.). A History of Christian Zionism: Philo-Semitism and the Expectation of Israel’s Restoration, Colorado Christian University, no date

New Role For Religion In American Politics: How The Evangelical Church Is Shaping The Middle-Eastern Politics In Particular In The Israeli Palestinian Conflict

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 2, 149 - 161, 30.10.2018

Öz

The longstanding political turmoil in the Middle East especially between Israelis and Palestinians attracts worldwide attention.
A main player in the area is the USA. Their pro-Israeli foreign policies are highly visible especially during Republican Presidencies.
Considering that the last five Republican Presidents were Evangelical Christians my concern is to clarify their religious beliefs
and their relationships to the foreign policies implemented in the area. What started as a religious Puritan movement in the
16-17th centuries in England and moved to the USA later on turned into a far-right Christian political movement. Their literal
interpretation of the Bible, including the belief that the Jewish people were given the land of Israel by God himself supported
the Jewish Zionist movement at the turn of the century and developed their name into Christian Zionists around the 1980’s.
The current Trump Administration and their recent move of the USA embassy to Jerusalem, signifying the official acceptance
of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and the following change of discourse about the Palestinians, will be studied. I will first
define and describe the two ideologies, that is, Jewish Zionism and Christian Zionism followed by their historical paths focusing
mainly on Christian Zionism. I will conclude by analyzing the Christian Zionists’ view of modern Israel and the resulting policies.

Kaynakça

  • Burge, Gary, M. (2014). “Evangelicals and Christian Zionism” in Zionism and the Quest for Justice in the Holy Land, Edited by Donald E. Wagner and Walter T. Davis, Pickwick Publication.
  • Cook, J. (2018). “Under Trump, the Israel lobby is a Hydra with many heads”, Middle East Eye, https://www.middleeasteye.net/columns/under-trump-israel-lobby-hasgrown-many-headed-hydra-1970608671 Accessed: 10.08.2018
  • Cortellessa, E. (2018). The Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/on-70thanniversary-trump-says-us-has-no-better-friends-anywhere-than-israel/ Accessed: 10.08.2018
  • Goldman, S (2018). God’s Country: Christian Zionism in America, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press (PENN).
  • Haija, R. M. (2006). “The Armageddon Lobby: Dispensationalist Christian Zionism and the Shaping of Us Policy towards Israel-Palestine”, Holy Land Studies, 5.1, 2006, pp.75–95 Muse Project Hal, L. The Late Great Planet Earth, London: Lakeland, 1970.
  • Halsell, G. (1988). “Israeli Extremists and Christian Fundamentalists: The Alliance” Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, December 1988, p.31 https://www.wrmea. org/1988-december/israeli-extremists-and-christian-fundamentalists-the-alliance.html Accessed: 25.5.2018
  • Hornsttra, W. (2007). Christian Zionism Among Evangelicals In The Federal Republic Of Germany, 2007 Oxford Centre for Mission Studies, Unpublished PhD Thesis http://gc.uofn. edu/files/journals/1/Resources/WillemHornstraPhDdissertation.pdf Accessed 15.7.2018
  • Ice, T. D. (2009). “Lovers of Zion: A History of Christian Zionism”, In Article Archives, Paper 29 http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/pretrib_arch/29, Accessed: 27.03.2018
  • Kiracofe, C. A. Jr. (2009). Dark Crusade: Christian Zionism and US Foreign Policy, I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd.
  • Mearsheimer, J. J. & Walt, S. M. (2006). The Israel Lobby And U.S. Foreign Policy, Harvard University Joh F. Kennedy School of Government Faculty Research Working Paper Series RWP06-011, Published by New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux in 2007 http://mearsheimer.uchicago.edu/pdfs/A0040.pdf Accessed: 7.7.2018
  • Mohr, S. (2013). “Understanding American Christian Zionism: Case Studies of Christians United for Israel and Christian Friends of Israeli Communities”, Journal of Politics & International Studies, 9, pp. 287-331
  • Morrison, P. (2007). The Dangerous Potent Elixir of Christian Zionism, Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, pp. 58-59. https://www.wrmea.org/007-april/thedangerous-potent-elixir-of-Christian-zionism.html. Accessed: 27.03.2018
  • Prior, M. (2005). Zionism and the State of Israel a Moral Inquiry, Taylor & Francis e-Library.
  • Salleh M. A. (2011). The Christian Right and US Foreign Policy in the Twenty-first Century, Durham theses, Durham University, p.144. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/669/
  • Sizer, S. R. (2002). The Promised Land: a critical investigation of Evangelical Christian Zionism in Britain and the United States of America since 1800, PhD thesis, Middlesex University, Accessed: 25.5.2018
  • Sizer, S. R. (2005). Christian Zionism: Its History, Theology and Politics, AAARGH Internet Editions. http://www.stephensizer.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/ Christian-Zionism-Master-History-part-1.pdf Accessed: 25.5.2018
  • Steiner, K. & Lundberg, A. (2015). “Peace and End Time Expectations in Christian Zionism”, Nordic Journal of Religion and Society, 28(2), pp. 117–136
  • Strong, M. (2018). “How Christian Zionist Got Their Man into the White House” Middle East Eye, 2, http://www.middleeasteye.net/essays/battle-armageddon-776157873 Accessed: 10.7.2018
  • Tuchman, B. W. (1957). Bible and Sword: How the British came to Palestine, Redman UK: Macmillan.
  • Victor, B. (2005). The Last Crusade: Religion and the Politics of Misdirection, London.
  • Wagner, D. (2003). Christian Zionists, Israel And The ‘ Second Coming’ Part 2 in a series of 5 articles on Christian Zionism: Part 1 - Part 2 - Part 3 - Part 4 - Part 5, The Daily Star. http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article4930.htm Accessed 8.7.2018
  • Watson, W. (Dr.). A History of Christian Zionism: Philo-Semitism and the Expectation of Israel’s Restoration, Colorado Christian University, no date
Toplam 22 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ayşe Tekdal Fildiş

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ekim 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 27 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Tekdal Fildiş, A. (2018). New Role For Religion In American Politics: How The Evangelical Church Is Shaping The Middle-Eastern Politics In Particular In The Israeli Palestinian Conflict. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(2), 149-161.
AMA Tekdal Fildiş A. New Role For Religion In American Politics: How The Evangelical Church Is Shaping The Middle-Eastern Politics In Particular In The Israeli Palestinian Conflict. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi. Ekim 2018;27(2):149-161.
Chicago Tekdal Fildiş, Ayşe. “New Role For Religion In American Politics: How The Evangelical Church Is Shaping The Middle-Eastern Politics In Particular In The Israeli Palestinian Conflict”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi 27, sy. 2 (Ekim 2018): 149-61.
EndNote Tekdal Fildiş A (01 Ekim 2018) New Role For Religion In American Politics: How The Evangelical Church Is Shaping The Middle-Eastern Politics In Particular In The Israeli Palestinian Conflict. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi 27 2 149–161.
IEEE A. Tekdal Fildiş, “New Role For Religion In American Politics: How The Evangelical Church Is Shaping The Middle-Eastern Politics In Particular In The Israeli Palestinian Conflict”, İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 27, sy. 2, ss. 149–161, 2018.
ISNAD Tekdal Fildiş, Ayşe. “New Role For Religion In American Politics: How The Evangelical Church Is Shaping The Middle-Eastern Politics In Particular In The Israeli Palestinian Conflict”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi 27/2 (Ekim 2018), 149-161.
JAMA Tekdal Fildiş A. New Role For Religion In American Politics: How The Evangelical Church Is Shaping The Middle-Eastern Politics In Particular In The Israeli Palestinian Conflict. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2018;27:149–161.
MLA Tekdal Fildiş, Ayşe. “New Role For Religion In American Politics: How The Evangelical Church Is Shaping The Middle-Eastern Politics In Particular In The Israeli Palestinian Conflict”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 27, sy. 2, 2018, ss. 149-61.
Vancouver Tekdal Fildiş A. New Role For Religion In American Politics: How The Evangelical Church Is Shaping The Middle-Eastern Politics In Particular In The Israeli Palestinian Conflict. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2018;27(2):149-61.