Araştırma Makalesi
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Ortadoğu ve Kuzey Afrika’daki Askeri Davranışı Anlamak: Arap Ayaklanmaları Öncesi ve Sonrası

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 1 - 17, 16.04.2021

Ali Sarıhan

Öz

Ortadoğu ve Kuzey Afrika bölgesinde askerin davranışını anlamak, askerin tarihte ve son
olaylardaki rolünü açıklayan ve aynı zamanda ilişkilendiren kapsamlı bir yaklaşımı gerektiriyor.
Bu makale, Orta Doğu ve Kuzey Afrika’da askerin tarihin farklı dönemlerinde oynadığı
rolü ve son toplumsal protestolar sırasında sergilediği tutumu açıklayan kronolojik
bir çerçeve sunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, ordunun bu bölgedeki siyasetin her zaman önemli
bir parçası olduğunu iddia etmektedir. Ordu, 2010-2011 Arap Ayaklanmalarından önce
otokrat rejimlerin temel dayanağıydı. Ancak 2010-2011 Arap Ayaklanmaları sırasında bazı
ülkelerde rejim karşıtı halk protestoları askerin desteğini almayı başardı. Protestolar, ordunun
olaylara müdahalesinin otoriter rejimlerin sona ermesini ve kitlesel ayaklanmaların
gidişatını nasıl değiştirebildiğini bir kez daha kanıtladı. Dolayısıyla Ortadoğu ve Kuzey
Afrika’da ordu siyasetin gidişatını değiştirdi, değiştirmeye devam ediyor ve muhtemelen
değiştirmeye devam edecek. Ancak bu makale, askerin devletleri yöneten tek güç olduğunu
iddia etmemektedir. Daha çok bu silahlı gücün, Ortadoğu ve Kuzey Afrika’daki devletlerin
ve rejimlerin çoğunu kontrol ettiğini ve şekillendirdiğini iddia etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Asker Sivil İlişkileri Askerin Davranışı Orta Doğu Kuzey Afrika Arap İsyanları

Kaynakça

  • Aberle, David Friend. 1982. The Peyote religion among the Navaho. Chicago: University of Chicago.
  • Albrecht, Holger. 2014. "Does Coup-Proofing Work? Political Military Relations inAuthoritarian Regimes amid the Arab Uprisings." Mediterranean Politics Mediterranean Politics (2):1-19.
  • Albrecht, Holger, Dina Bishara, Michael Bufano, and Kevin Koehler. 2021. "Popular support for military intervention and anti-establishment alternatives in Tunisia: Appraising outsider eclecticism". Mediterranean Politics. 1-25.
  • Albrecht, Holger, Kevin Koehler, and Austin Schutz. 2021. "Coup Agency and Prospects for Democracy". International Studies Quarterly.
  • Barany, Zoltan D. 2011. "The role of the military." Journal of Democracy 22 (4):24-35.
  • Barany, Zoltan D. 2012. The Soldier and the Changing State: Building Democratic Armies in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
  • Barany, Zoltan D. 2013. "Armies and revolutions." Journal of Democracy 24 (2):62-76.
  • Be'eri, Eliezer. 1982. "The Waning of the Military Coup in Arab Politics." Middle Eastern Studies 18 (1):69-81. doi: 10.2307/4282869.
  • Bellin, Eva. 2004. "The Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Exceptionalism in Comparative Perspective." Comparative Politics 36 (2):139-157. doi: 10.2307/4150140.
  • Bellin, Eva. 2012. "Reconsidering the Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Lessons from the Arab Spring." Comparative Politics 44 (2):127-149. doi: 10.2307/23211807.
  • Brooks, Risa. 1998. "Political-Military Relations and the Stability of Arab Regimes." Adelphi papers. (324):324.
  • Brooks, Risa. 2013. "Abandoned at the Palace: Why the Tunisian Military Defected from the Ben Ali Regime in January 2011." Journal of Strategic Studies 36 (2):205-220.
  • Burk, James. 2002. "Theories of Democratic Civil-Military Relations." Armed Forces & Society 29 (1):7-29. doi: 10.1177/0095327x0202900102.
  • Cameron, William Bruce. 1966. Modern Social Movements: A Sociological outline. New York: Random House.
  • Cook, Steven A. 2007. Ruling but not governing: The military and political development in Egypt, Algeria, and Turkey. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Croissant, Aurel, David Kuehn, and Tanja Eschenauer. 2018. "Mass Protests and the Military". Journal of Democracy. 29 (3): 141-155.
  • Desch, Michael C. 1996. "Threat Environments and Military Missions." In Civil Military Relations and Democracy, edited by Larry Jay Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, 12-29. Baltimore, Marryland: The Jonhs Hopkins University.
  • Desch, Michael C. 1999. Civilian control of the military: the changing security environment. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Dunne, Charles W. "The Role of the Military in Middle East/North Africa Protest Movements of 2019." IEMed: Mediterranean yearbook 2020 (2020): 23-29.
  • Feaver, Peter D. 1996. "The Civil-Military Problematique: Huntington, Janowitz, and the Question of Civilian Control." Armed Forces & Society 23 (2):149-178. doi: 10.1177/0095327x9602300203.
  • Feaver, Peter D. 1999. "Civil-Military Relations." Annual Review of Political Science 2:211- 241.
  • Feaver, Peter D. 2003. Armed servants: agency, oversight, and civil-military relations. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
  • Feldman, Noah. 2020. The Arab Winter: A tragedy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
  • Finer, S. E. 1962. The man on horseback; the role of the military in politics. New York: Praeger.
  • Gaub, Florence. 2013a. Arab Spring and Arab Armies: A New Framework for Analysis. International Institutie for Counter-Terrorism: International Institutie for Counter- Terrorism.
  • Gaub, Florence. 2013b. "The Libyan Armed Forces between Coup-proofing and Repression." Journal of Strategic Studies 36 (2):221-244.
  • Gause, F. Gregory. 2011. "Why Middle East Studies Missed the Arab Spring." Foreign Affairs July/August 2011.
  • Gelvin, James L. 2012. The Arab uprisings: what everyone needs to know. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Gerges, Fawaz A. 2014. The New Middle East : Protest and Revolution in the Arab World. NY: New York: Cambridge University.
  • Grewal, Sharan. 2019. "Military Defection During Localized Protests: The Case of Tataouine". International Studies Quarterly. 63 (2): 259-269.
  • Grewal, Sharan, and Shadi Hamid. 2020. The dark side of consensus in Tunisia: Lessons from 2015-2019. Foreign Policy at Brookings, No. 1. https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-dark-side-of-consensus-in-tunisia-lessons-from-2015-2019/ (Accessed: 10 November 2021).
  • Grewal, Sharan, and Yasser Kureshi. 2019. "How to Sell a Coup: Elections as Coup Legitimation". Journal of Conflict Resolution. 63 (4): 1001-1031.
  • Hafez, Mohammed M. 2003. Why Muslims rebel: Repression and resistance in the Islamic world. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Hansen, Birthe, and Carsten Jensen. 2008. "Challenges to the Role of Arab Militaries." In Civil-Military relations in the Middle East, edited by Carsten Jensen, 29-45. Copenhagen: Royal Danish Defence College.
  • Herspring, Dale. 2009. "Civil-Military Relations in the United States and Russia: An Alternative Approach." Armed Forces & Society 35 (4): 667-687. doi: 10.1177/0095327x09332140.
  • Huntington, Samuel P. 1957. The soldier and the state; the theory and politics of civil-military relations. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
  • Huntington, Samuel P. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven &London: Yale University.
  • Huntington, Samuel P. 1995. "I. Reforming Civil-Military Relations." Journal of Democracy 6 (4):9-17.
  • Janowitz, Morris. 1960. The professional soldier, a social and political portrait. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press.
  • Kamrava, Mehran. 2000. "Military Professionalization and Civil-Military Relations in the Middle East." Political Science Quarterly 115 (1):67-92. doi: 10.2307/2658034.
  • Koehler, Kevin, and Holger Albrecht. 2021. "Revolutions and the Military: Endgame Coups, Instability, and Prospects for Democracy". Armed Forces & Society. 47 (1): 148-176.
  • Lasswell, Harold D. 1941. "The Garrison State." American Journal of Sociology 46 (4):455-468. doi: 10.2307/2769918.
  • Lee, Terence. 2005. "Military Cohesion and Regime Maintenance: Explaining the Role of the Military in 1989 China and 1998 Indonesia." Armed Forces & Society 32 (1):80-104. doi: 10.1177/0095327x05277906.
  • Lutterbeck, Derek. 2013. "Arab Uprisings, Armed Forces, and Civil–Military Relations." Armed Forces & Society 39 (1):28-52. doi: 10.1177/0095327x12442768.
  • Makara, Michael. 2013. "Coup-Proofing, Military Defection, and the Arab Spring." Democracy and Security 9 (4):334-359.
  • Marshall, Charles Burton. 1963. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 349 (Article Type: book-review / Issue Title: Communist China and the Soviet Bloc / Full publication date: Sep., 1963 / Copyright © 1963 American Academy of Political and Social Science): 242-243. doi: 10.2307/1035779.
  • Matei, Florina Cristiana. 2013. "A New Conceptualization of Civil-Military Relations." In Routledge Handbook of Civil-Military Relations, edited by Thomas C. Bruneau and Florina Christiana Matei, 26-38. New York: Routledge.
  • Moskos, Charles C. 1977. "From Institution to Occupation: Trends in Military Organization." Armed Forces & Society 4 (1):41-50. doi: 10.1177/0095327x7700400103.
  • Nepstad, S. E. 2013. "Mutiny and nonviolence in the Arab Spring: Exploring military defections and loyalty in Egypt, Bahrain, and Syria." J. Peace Res. Journal of Peace Research 50 (3):337-349. Parsons, William, and William Taylor. 2011. Arbiters of Social Unrest: Military Responses to the Arab Spring. 1-43. Accessed 10 March 2014.
  • Perlmutter, Amos. 1969. "The Praetorian State and the Praetorian Army: Toward a Taxonomy of Civil-Military Relations in Developing Polities." Comparative Politics 1 (3):382-404. doi: 10.2307/421446.
  • Pollack, Kenneth M. 2002. Arabs at war: military effectiveness, 1948-1991. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
  • Quinlivan, James T. 1999. "Coup-proofing: Its Practice and Consequences in the Middle East." International Security International Security 24 (2):131-165.
  • Ritter, Daniel P. 2015. The iron cage of liberalism : international politics and unarmed revolutions in the Middle East and North Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Rubin, Barry. 2001. "The Military in Contemporary Middle East Politics." Middle East Review of International Affairs Journal 5 (1):47-63.
  • Rukavishnikov, Vladimir O., and Michael Pugh. 2006. "Civil-Military Relations." In Handbook of the sociology of the military, edited by Giuseppe Caforio, 131-150. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
  • Russell, Diana E. H. 1974. Rebellion, revolution, and armed force; a comparative study of fifteen countries with special emphasis on Cuba and South Africa. New York: Academic Press.
  • Sarihan, Ali. 2021. "A new theory of military behavior in the Arab uprisings: ‘Pro-state’ and ‘Pro-regime’. Journal of International Studies. 14 (1): 9-23.
  • Schiff, Rebecca L. 1995. "Civil-Military Relations Reconsidered: A Theory of Concordance." Armed forces and society. 22 (1):7.
  • Siddiqa, Ayesha. 2007. Military Inc.: Inside Pakistan's military economy. London; Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Press.
  • Springborg, Robert. 2013. "Learning from failure-Egypt." In The Routledge Handbook of Civil-Military Relations, edited by Thomas C. Bruneau and Florina Christiana Matei, 93- 110. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Springborg, Robert. 2014. "Arab Militaries." In The Arab Uprisings Explained, edited by Marc Lynch. New York: Columbia University.
  • Stepan, Alfred C. 1988. Rethinking military politics : Brazil and the Southern Cone. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
  • Taylor, William C. 2014. Military responses to the Arab uprisings and the future of civilmilitary relations in the Middle East: Analysis from Egypt, Tunisia, Libya, and Syria. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Varol, Ozan O. 2012. "The Democratic Coup d'État." Harvard international law journal Harvard International Law Journal 53 (2):291-356.
  • Young, Thomas-Durell. 2006. "Military Professionalism in a Democracy." In Who guards the guardians and how? edited by Thomas C. Bruneau and Scott D. Tollefson, 17-33. Austin, TX: University of Texas.

Understanding the Military Behavior in the Middle East and North Africa: Before and After the Arab Uprisings

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 1 - 17, 16.04.2021

Ali Sarıhan

Öz

Understanding the military behavior in the Middle East and North Africa requires a comprehensive
approach that explains and also connects the history of military behavior with
the recent developments within the region. That paper provides a chronological framework
that explains different military behaviors in history and during the time of social upheavals
in the Middle East and North Africa. This study claims that the military has always been
an important part of the politics in this region. Before the 2010-2011 Arab Uprisings, the
military was the mainstay of the autocratic regimes. However, during the 2010-2011 Arab
Uprisings, public protests achieved to get the military support in some cases. The protests
again proved how the army’s involvement shaped the course of the mass uprisings and the
end of the authoritarian regimes. So, the military changed, still change, and will probably
continue to change the course of the politics in the Middle East and North Africa. However,
this paper does not claim that military power is the only power that rules the states alone.
But rather it claims that the power controls and shapes most of the states and their regimes
in the Middle East and North Africa.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Civil-Military Relations Military Behavior Military Behavior Middle East North Africa Arab Uprisings

Kaynakça

  • Aberle, David Friend. 1982. The Peyote religion among the Navaho. Chicago: University of Chicago.
  • Albrecht, Holger. 2014. "Does Coup-Proofing Work? Political Military Relations inAuthoritarian Regimes amid the Arab Uprisings." Mediterranean Politics Mediterranean Politics (2):1-19.
  • Albrecht, Holger, Dina Bishara, Michael Bufano, and Kevin Koehler. 2021. "Popular support for military intervention and anti-establishment alternatives in Tunisia: Appraising outsider eclecticism". Mediterranean Politics. 1-25.
  • Albrecht, Holger, Kevin Koehler, and Austin Schutz. 2021. "Coup Agency and Prospects for Democracy". International Studies Quarterly.
  • Barany, Zoltan D. 2011. "The role of the military." Journal of Democracy 22 (4):24-35.
  • Barany, Zoltan D. 2012. The Soldier and the Changing State: Building Democratic Armies in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
  • Barany, Zoltan D. 2013. "Armies and revolutions." Journal of Democracy 24 (2):62-76.
  • Be'eri, Eliezer. 1982. "The Waning of the Military Coup in Arab Politics." Middle Eastern Studies 18 (1):69-81. doi: 10.2307/4282869.
  • Bellin, Eva. 2004. "The Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Exceptionalism in Comparative Perspective." Comparative Politics 36 (2):139-157. doi: 10.2307/4150140.
  • Bellin, Eva. 2012. "Reconsidering the Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Lessons from the Arab Spring." Comparative Politics 44 (2):127-149. doi: 10.2307/23211807.
  • Brooks, Risa. 1998. "Political-Military Relations and the Stability of Arab Regimes." Adelphi papers. (324):324.
  • Brooks, Risa. 2013. "Abandoned at the Palace: Why the Tunisian Military Defected from the Ben Ali Regime in January 2011." Journal of Strategic Studies 36 (2):205-220.
  • Burk, James. 2002. "Theories of Democratic Civil-Military Relations." Armed Forces & Society 29 (1):7-29. doi: 10.1177/0095327x0202900102.
  • Cameron, William Bruce. 1966. Modern Social Movements: A Sociological outline. New York: Random House.
  • Cook, Steven A. 2007. Ruling but not governing: The military and political development in Egypt, Algeria, and Turkey. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Croissant, Aurel, David Kuehn, and Tanja Eschenauer. 2018. "Mass Protests and the Military". Journal of Democracy. 29 (3): 141-155.
  • Desch, Michael C. 1996. "Threat Environments and Military Missions." In Civil Military Relations and Democracy, edited by Larry Jay Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, 12-29. Baltimore, Marryland: The Jonhs Hopkins University.
  • Desch, Michael C. 1999. Civilian control of the military: the changing security environment. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Dunne, Charles W. "The Role of the Military in Middle East/North Africa Protest Movements of 2019." IEMed: Mediterranean yearbook 2020 (2020): 23-29.
  • Feaver, Peter D. 1996. "The Civil-Military Problematique: Huntington, Janowitz, and the Question of Civilian Control." Armed Forces & Society 23 (2):149-178. doi: 10.1177/0095327x9602300203.
  • Feaver, Peter D. 1999. "Civil-Military Relations." Annual Review of Political Science 2:211- 241.
  • Feaver, Peter D. 2003. Armed servants: agency, oversight, and civil-military relations. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
  • Feldman, Noah. 2020. The Arab Winter: A tragedy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
  • Finer, S. E. 1962. The man on horseback; the role of the military in politics. New York: Praeger.
  • Gaub, Florence. 2013a. Arab Spring and Arab Armies: A New Framework for Analysis. International Institutie for Counter-Terrorism: International Institutie for Counter- Terrorism.
  • Gaub, Florence. 2013b. "The Libyan Armed Forces between Coup-proofing and Repression." Journal of Strategic Studies 36 (2):221-244.
  • Gause, F. Gregory. 2011. "Why Middle East Studies Missed the Arab Spring." Foreign Affairs July/August 2011.
  • Gelvin, James L. 2012. The Arab uprisings: what everyone needs to know. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Gerges, Fawaz A. 2014. The New Middle East : Protest and Revolution in the Arab World. NY: New York: Cambridge University.
  • Grewal, Sharan. 2019. "Military Defection During Localized Protests: The Case of Tataouine". International Studies Quarterly. 63 (2): 259-269.
  • Grewal, Sharan, and Shadi Hamid. 2020. The dark side of consensus in Tunisia: Lessons from 2015-2019. Foreign Policy at Brookings, No. 1. https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-dark-side-of-consensus-in-tunisia-lessons-from-2015-2019/ (Accessed: 10 November 2021).
  • Grewal, Sharan, and Yasser Kureshi. 2019. "How to Sell a Coup: Elections as Coup Legitimation". Journal of Conflict Resolution. 63 (4): 1001-1031.
  • Hafez, Mohammed M. 2003. Why Muslims rebel: Repression and resistance in the Islamic world. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Hansen, Birthe, and Carsten Jensen. 2008. "Challenges to the Role of Arab Militaries." In Civil-Military relations in the Middle East, edited by Carsten Jensen, 29-45. Copenhagen: Royal Danish Defence College.
  • Herspring, Dale. 2009. "Civil-Military Relations in the United States and Russia: An Alternative Approach." Armed Forces & Society 35 (4): 667-687. doi: 10.1177/0095327x09332140.
  • Huntington, Samuel P. 1957. The soldier and the state; the theory and politics of civil-military relations. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
  • Huntington, Samuel P. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven &London: Yale University.
  • Huntington, Samuel P. 1995. "I. Reforming Civil-Military Relations." Journal of Democracy 6 (4):9-17.
  • Janowitz, Morris. 1960. The professional soldier, a social and political portrait. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press.
  • Kamrava, Mehran. 2000. "Military Professionalization and Civil-Military Relations in the Middle East." Political Science Quarterly 115 (1):67-92. doi: 10.2307/2658034.
  • Koehler, Kevin, and Holger Albrecht. 2021. "Revolutions and the Military: Endgame Coups, Instability, and Prospects for Democracy". Armed Forces & Society. 47 (1): 148-176.
  • Lasswell, Harold D. 1941. "The Garrison State." American Journal of Sociology 46 (4):455-468. doi: 10.2307/2769918.
  • Lee, Terence. 2005. "Military Cohesion and Regime Maintenance: Explaining the Role of the Military in 1989 China and 1998 Indonesia." Armed Forces & Society 32 (1):80-104. doi: 10.1177/0095327x05277906.
  • Lutterbeck, Derek. 2013. "Arab Uprisings, Armed Forces, and Civil–Military Relations." Armed Forces & Society 39 (1):28-52. doi: 10.1177/0095327x12442768.
  • Makara, Michael. 2013. "Coup-Proofing, Military Defection, and the Arab Spring." Democracy and Security 9 (4):334-359.
  • Marshall, Charles Burton. 1963. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 349 (Article Type: book-review / Issue Title: Communist China and the Soviet Bloc / Full publication date: Sep., 1963 / Copyright © 1963 American Academy of Political and Social Science): 242-243. doi: 10.2307/1035779.
  • Matei, Florina Cristiana. 2013. "A New Conceptualization of Civil-Military Relations." In Routledge Handbook of Civil-Military Relations, edited by Thomas C. Bruneau and Florina Christiana Matei, 26-38. New York: Routledge.
  • Moskos, Charles C. 1977. "From Institution to Occupation: Trends in Military Organization." Armed Forces & Society 4 (1):41-50. doi: 10.1177/0095327x7700400103.
  • Nepstad, S. E. 2013. "Mutiny and nonviolence in the Arab Spring: Exploring military defections and loyalty in Egypt, Bahrain, and Syria." J. Peace Res. Journal of Peace Research 50 (3):337-349. Parsons, William, and William Taylor. 2011. Arbiters of Social Unrest: Military Responses to the Arab Spring. 1-43. Accessed 10 March 2014.
  • Perlmutter, Amos. 1969. "The Praetorian State and the Praetorian Army: Toward a Taxonomy of Civil-Military Relations in Developing Polities." Comparative Politics 1 (3):382-404. doi: 10.2307/421446.
  • Pollack, Kenneth M. 2002. Arabs at war: military effectiveness, 1948-1991. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
  • Quinlivan, James T. 1999. "Coup-proofing: Its Practice and Consequences in the Middle East." International Security International Security 24 (2):131-165.
  • Ritter, Daniel P. 2015. The iron cage of liberalism : international politics and unarmed revolutions in the Middle East and North Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Rubin, Barry. 2001. "The Military in Contemporary Middle East Politics." Middle East Review of International Affairs Journal 5 (1):47-63.
  • Rukavishnikov, Vladimir O., and Michael Pugh. 2006. "Civil-Military Relations." In Handbook of the sociology of the military, edited by Giuseppe Caforio, 131-150. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
  • Russell, Diana E. H. 1974. Rebellion, revolution, and armed force; a comparative study of fifteen countries with special emphasis on Cuba and South Africa. New York: Academic Press.
  • Sarihan, Ali. 2021. "A new theory of military behavior in the Arab uprisings: ‘Pro-state’ and ‘Pro-regime’. Journal of International Studies. 14 (1): 9-23.
  • Schiff, Rebecca L. 1995. "Civil-Military Relations Reconsidered: A Theory of Concordance." Armed forces and society. 22 (1):7.
  • Siddiqa, Ayesha. 2007. Military Inc.: Inside Pakistan's military economy. London; Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Press.
  • Springborg, Robert. 2013. "Learning from failure-Egypt." In The Routledge Handbook of Civil-Military Relations, edited by Thomas C. Bruneau and Florina Christiana Matei, 93- 110. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Springborg, Robert. 2014. "Arab Militaries." In The Arab Uprisings Explained, edited by Marc Lynch. New York: Columbia University.
  • Stepan, Alfred C. 1988. Rethinking military politics : Brazil and the Southern Cone. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
  • Taylor, William C. 2014. Military responses to the Arab uprisings and the future of civilmilitary relations in the Middle East: Analysis from Egypt, Tunisia, Libya, and Syria. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Varol, Ozan O. 2012. "The Democratic Coup d'État." Harvard international law journal Harvard International Law Journal 53 (2):291-356.
  • Young, Thomas-Durell. 2006. "Military Professionalism in a Democracy." In Who guards the guardians and how? edited by Thomas C. Bruneau and Scott D. Tollefson, 17-33. Austin, TX: University of Texas.
Toplam 65 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ali Sarıhan

Yayımlanma Tarihi 16 Nisan 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Sarıhan, A. (2021). Understanding the Military Behavior in the Middle East and North Africa: Before and After the Arab Uprisings. Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 1-17.
 Kapak Resmi İndir