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Dijital Teknoloji Çağında İsrail Savunma Güçlerinin Kamu Diplomasisi Faaliyetleri: Twitter Paylaşımları Örneği

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 140 - 172, 16.06.2022

Pınar Özden Cankara Yavuz Cankara

Öz

Bilişim teknolojilerinin endüstriyel üretim ile bütünleşmesiyle Sanayi Devrimi’nin dördüncü fazı olarak adlandırılan yeni bir dönemece girilmiştir. Başta ulus devletler olmak üzere uluslararası sistemde yer alan diğer tüm aktörler de bu süreçte yeni sosyalleşme alanı olan internet ve sosyal medyayı kendi çıkarları için kullanmaya başlamıştır. Görsel ve yazılı medya üzerinden halklar nezdinde algı yaratma süreci olarak tanımlanabilecek kamu diplomasisi bu noktada devreye girmektedir. Hamas, İslami Cihat Örgütü ve Hizbullah ile sürekli mücadele içinde bulunan İsrail Savunma Güçleri (İSG), terörle mücadele adı altında orantısız güç uygulamaktadır. Bu nedenle uluslararası toplumda İsrail’e ve İSG’ye karşı tepki oluşmaya başlamıştır. İsrail militarist bir devlet olarak etiketlenmekte, İSG askerleri ise acımasız olarak görülmektedir. Yumuşak ve akıllı güç uygulamaları ve kamu diplomasisi hem İsrail hem de İSG için bu nedenle önem kazanmaktadır. Bu çalışma, akıllı güç stratejisi ve bir kamu diplomasisi olarak İSG’nin 2000’li yıllarda nasıl bir imaj düzeltme ve marka yaratma stratejisi izlediğini analiz etmektedir. Bu amaçla çalışmada içerik analizi tekniği kullanılarak 2018-2020 yılları arasında İSG’nin resmî Twitter hesabından atılan tweetler incelenmiştir. İSG’nin Nicholas Cull’un tarif ettiği şekilde kamu diplomasisi uygulamaları yaptığı ve bir yandan da Twitter üzerinden hem hakkında oluşan negatif söylemlerden kurtulmaya çalıştığı hem de kriz anlarında olayları maniple etmeye çalıştığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İsrail Savunma Güçleri kamu diplomasisi Twitter İsrail yumuşak güç

Kaynakça

  • Akboğa, S. ve Arık, E. (2020). Twitter as a polarized space for civil society organizations (CSOs) in Turkey. İnsan ve Toplum 10(3), 164-189.
  • Cohen, E. A. (2002). Supreme command: soldiers, statesmen and leadership in wartime. Free Press.
  • Cross, M. K. D. (2013). Conceptualizing European Public Diplomacy. M. K. D. Cross ve J. Melissen (Ed.). European public diplomacy: Soft power at wor içinde (ss. 1-11). Palgrave Macmillian.
  • Cull, N. J. (2009). Public diplomacy: Lessons from the past. Figueroa Press.
  • Cull, N. J. (2008). Public diplomacy: ttaxonomies and histories. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616, 31-54.
  • Erdem, B. K. (2011). The Place of public diplomacy in the asymmetric media conflict: The “Hasbara example” in the Hezbollah, Israel media war. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1(16), 210-222.
  • Gilboa, E. (2020). Israel: countering brandjacking. N. Snow ve N. J. Cull (Ed.). Routledge handbook of public diplomacy (2. Baskı) içinde (ss. 331-341). Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.
  • Hart, J. (2013). The origins of public diplomacy and the transformation of US foreign policy. Oxford University Press.
  • Hocking, B. (2005). Rethinking the new public diplomacy. J. Melissen (Ed.). The new public diplomacy soft power in international relations içinde (ss. 28-43). Palgrave Macmillian.
  • Huijgh, E. (2016). Public diplomacy. C. M. Constantinou, P. Kerr ve P. Sharp (Ed.). The SAGE handbook of diplomacy içinde (ss. 437-450). Sage Publications.
  • Manor, I. (2019). The digitalization of public diplomacy. Palgrave Macmillian.
  • Melissen, J. (2005). The new public diplomacy: Between theory and practice. J. Melissen (Ed.). The new public diplomacy soft power in international relations içinde (ss. 3-27). Palgrave Macmillian.
  • Müller, M. (2017). The world according to Israeli newspapers: Representations of international involvement in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Frank and Timme Publishing.
  • Nye, J, J. S. (2008). Smart power and the ‘war on terror. Asia Pacific Review, 15(1), 1-8.
  • Nye, J, J. S. (1990). Soft power. Foreign Policy, 80, 53-71.
  • Nye, J, J. S. (2017). Yumuşak güç (2. Baskı). R. İnan Aydın (Çev.). BB101 Yayınları.
  • Ovalı, A. Ş. (2020). Türkiye-ABD ilişkilerinde twitter diplomasisi. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 17(65), 23-45.
  • Rana, K. S. (2011). 21st century diplomacy: A practiertion’s guide. New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group.
  • Rugh, W. A. (2014). Front line public diplomacy: How US embassies communicate with foreign publics. Palgrave Macmillian.
  • Sevin, E. (2017). Public diplomacy and the implementation of foreign policy in the US, Sweden and Turkey. Palgrave Macmillian.
  • Shai, N. (2018). Hearts and minds: Israel and the battle for public opinion. State University of New York Press.
  • Wallach, Y. (2017). Rethinking the yishuv: Late-Ottoman Palestine’s Jewish communities revisited. Journal of Modern Jewish Studies, 16(2), 275-294.
  • Vinson, M. (2015). An Israeli approach to deterring terrorism: Managing persistent conflict through a violent dialogue of military operations. PRISM 5, 3, 61-75.
  • İnternet Kaynakları Al Jazeera. (2018). UN slams ‘excessive’ Israeli force against Palestinians in Gaza. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/06/condemns-excessive-israeli-force-palestinians-gaza-180614053144538.html adresinden 20.02.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
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  • BBC World Service Poll. (2017). https://globescan.com/2017/07/04/sharp-drop-in-world-views-of-us-uk-global-poll/ adresinden 2 Ocak 2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
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  • Deutche Welle. (2018). UN votes to blame Israel for excessive force against Palestinians in Gaza. https://www.dw.com/en/un-votes-to-blame-israel-for-excessive-force-against-palestinians-in-gaza/a- 44213593 adresinden 20.02.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
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  • Golov, A. (2018). The Israeli community in the United States: A public diplomacy asset for Israel. Institute For National Security Studies. https://css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/resources/docs/INSS_Memo181_6-3.pdf adresinden 02.01.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
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Israel Defense Forces’ Public Diplomacy Activities in the Age of Digital Technology: The Case of IDF Tweets

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 140 - 172, 16.06.2022

Pınar Özden Cankara Yavuz Cankara

Öz

The integration of information technologies into industrial production has opened a new epoch; The fourth phase of the industrial revolution. In this phase, nation-states and the all other actors in the international system have started to use the new socialization areas, that is, the internet and social media, for their own interests. Public diplomacy, which can be defined as the process of creating a perception among the peoples through visual and written media, comes into play at this point. Israel Defense Forces (IDF) often applies disproportionate hard power instruments against Hamas, the Islamic Jihad Organization, and Hezbollah, as a so-called counter-terrorism strategy. This raises negative reactions against both Israel and IDF in the international community. Israel is labeled as a militarist state, while IDF soldiers are seen as brutal. The soft and smart power strategies and public diplomacy, therefore, gains importance for both Israel and IDF to improve her international image. This paper analyzes the image improvement and brand correction strategies of IDF in the 2000s as a smart power strategy and public diplomacy. For this reason in the study, by using the content analysis technique, the tweets sent from the official Twitter account of the IDF between the years 2018-2020 were examined. It has been concluded that the IDF practices public diplomacy as described by Nicholas Cull, and on the other hand, IDF tries to get rid of negative discourses on Twitter and tries to manipulate the events in times of crisis.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Israel Defense Forces public diplomacy Twitter Israel soft power

Kaynakça

  • Akboğa, S. ve Arık, E. (2020). Twitter as a polarized space for civil society organizations (CSOs) in Turkey. İnsan ve Toplum 10(3), 164-189.
  • Cohen, E. A. (2002). Supreme command: soldiers, statesmen and leadership in wartime. Free Press.
  • Cross, M. K. D. (2013). Conceptualizing European Public Diplomacy. M. K. D. Cross ve J. Melissen (Ed.). European public diplomacy: Soft power at wor içinde (ss. 1-11). Palgrave Macmillian.
  • Cull, N. J. (2009). Public diplomacy: Lessons from the past. Figueroa Press.
  • Cull, N. J. (2008). Public diplomacy: ttaxonomies and histories. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616, 31-54.
  • Erdem, B. K. (2011). The Place of public diplomacy in the asymmetric media conflict: The “Hasbara example” in the Hezbollah, Israel media war. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1(16), 210-222.
  • Gilboa, E. (2020). Israel: countering brandjacking. N. Snow ve N. J. Cull (Ed.). Routledge handbook of public diplomacy (2. Baskı) içinde (ss. 331-341). Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.
  • Hart, J. (2013). The origins of public diplomacy and the transformation of US foreign policy. Oxford University Press.
  • Hocking, B. (2005). Rethinking the new public diplomacy. J. Melissen (Ed.). The new public diplomacy soft power in international relations içinde (ss. 28-43). Palgrave Macmillian.
  • Huijgh, E. (2016). Public diplomacy. C. M. Constantinou, P. Kerr ve P. Sharp (Ed.). The SAGE handbook of diplomacy içinde (ss. 437-450). Sage Publications.
  • Manor, I. (2019). The digitalization of public diplomacy. Palgrave Macmillian.
  • Melissen, J. (2005). The new public diplomacy: Between theory and practice. J. Melissen (Ed.). The new public diplomacy soft power in international relations içinde (ss. 3-27). Palgrave Macmillian.
  • Müller, M. (2017). The world according to Israeli newspapers: Representations of international involvement in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Frank and Timme Publishing.
  • Nye, J, J. S. (2008). Smart power and the ‘war on terror. Asia Pacific Review, 15(1), 1-8.
  • Nye, J, J. S. (1990). Soft power. Foreign Policy, 80, 53-71.
  • Nye, J, J. S. (2017). Yumuşak güç (2. Baskı). R. İnan Aydın (Çev.). BB101 Yayınları.
  • Ovalı, A. Ş. (2020). Türkiye-ABD ilişkilerinde twitter diplomasisi. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 17(65), 23-45.
  • Rana, K. S. (2011). 21st century diplomacy: A practiertion’s guide. New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group.
  • Rugh, W. A. (2014). Front line public diplomacy: How US embassies communicate with foreign publics. Palgrave Macmillian.
  • Sevin, E. (2017). Public diplomacy and the implementation of foreign policy in the US, Sweden and Turkey. Palgrave Macmillian.
  • Shai, N. (2018). Hearts and minds: Israel and the battle for public opinion. State University of New York Press.
  • Wallach, Y. (2017). Rethinking the yishuv: Late-Ottoman Palestine’s Jewish communities revisited. Journal of Modern Jewish Studies, 16(2), 275-294.
  • Vinson, M. (2015). An Israeli approach to deterring terrorism: Managing persistent conflict through a violent dialogue of military operations. PRISM 5, 3, 61-75.
  • İnternet Kaynakları Al Jazeera. (2018). UN slams ‘excessive’ Israeli force against Palestinians in Gaza. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/06/condemns-excessive-israeli-force-palestinians-gaza-180614053144538.html adresinden 20.02.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Amnesty International. (2009). Israel/Gaza operation cast lead: 22 days of death and destruction. https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/48000/mde150152009en.pdf adresinden 10.03.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • BBC World Service Poll. (2017). https://globescan.com/2017/07/04/sharp-drop-in-world-views-of-us-uk-global-poll/ adresinden 2 Ocak 2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly. (2020). The humanitarian crises in Gaza. https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-197326/ adresinden 14.06.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Deutche Welle. (2018). UN votes to blame Israel for excessive force against Palestinians in Gaza. https://www.dw.com/en/un-votes-to-blame-israel-for-excessive-force-against-palestinians-in-gaza/a- 44213593 adresinden 20.02.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Elias, N. (2019). Israel’s political turmoil is creating a budget crisis. AlJazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2019/11/21/israels-political-turmoil-is-creating-a-budget-crisis adresinden 06.06.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Eshkol, L. (1963). David Ben Gurion and the IDF. IDF and Defense Establishment Archives. http://www.archives.mod.gov.il/sites/English/Exhibitions/David_Ben_Gurion_and_the_IDF/Pages/default.aspx adresinden 26.01.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Filistin Meselesi ve Birleşmiş Milletler. (t.y.). İnsan hakları ve Filistinliler. http://www.unicankara.org.tr/filistin/7.html adresinden 12.03.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • France 24. (2018). UN rights experts slam Israel’s ‘disproportionate use of force. https://www.france24.com/en/20180514-un-rights-experts-slam-israels-disproportionate-use-force adresinden 20.02.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Golov, A. (2018). The Israeli community in the United States: A public diplomacy asset for Israel. Institute For National Security Studies. https://css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/resources/docs/INSS_Memo181_6-3.pdf adresinden 02.01.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Halbfinger, D. (2019). Hague prosecutor ready to investigate Israel, if assured of jurisdiction. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/20/world/middleeast/israel-palestinian-war-crimes- hague.html adresinden 20.02.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Holmes, O. (2020a). Benjamin Netanyahu appears in court on corruption charges. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/24/benjamin-netanyahu-appears-in-court-on-corruption-charges adresinden 01.06.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Holmes, O. (2020b). Israel to hold fourth election in two years as political crises grinds on. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/22/israel-barrels-towards-fourth-election-within-two-years adresinden 02.02.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • https://www.twitonomy.com/profile.php?sn=IDF, 2.07.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • https://twitter.com/idf/status/1105154690541633537, 11.03.2019 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • https://twitter.com/idf/status/1165601620475940865, 25.08.2019 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • https://twitter.com/idf/status/1108443670800449540, 20.03. 2019 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Humanitarian Needs Overview. (2016). Occupied Palestinian territory. https://www.ochaopt.org/sites/default/files/humanitarian_needs_overview.pdf adresinden 22.06.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Humanitarian Policy Group. (2009). Losing ground: protection and livelihoods in the occupied Palestinian territory. https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/4616.pdf adresinden 11.04.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir. Humanitarian Response Strategy. (2017). Occupied Palestinian territory. https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/documents/files/2017_hrp_draft5_20_12_2017_v2.pdf adresinden 24.04.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • International Criminal Court. (2019). Statement of ICC Prosecutor, Fatou Bensouda, on the conclusion of the preliminary examination of the Situation in Palestine, and seeking a ruling on the scope of the Court’s territorial jurisdiction. https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=20191220-otp-statement-palestine adresinden 01.01.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • International Criminal Court. (2021). Statement of ICC Prosecutor, Fatou Bensouda, respecting an investigation of the Situation in Palestine. https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=210303-prosecutor-statement-investigation-palestine adresinden 04.05.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • IDF. (t.y.). Who we are. https://www.idf.il/en/who-we-are/ adresinden 27.01.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • IDF and Defense Establishment Archives. (2017). Pre IDF archives. http://www.archives.mod.gov.il/sites/English/About/Pages/pre-idf-archives.aspx adresinden 20.02.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • International Federation for Human Rights. (2015). Trapped and punished: the Gaza civilian population under operation protective edge. https://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/report_gaza_fidh_march_2015.pdf adresinden 10.03.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2006). Operation summer rain: IDF enters southern Gaza strip to secure release of abducted soldier. http://www.israel.org/MFA/PressRoom/2006/Pages/IDF%20enters%20southern%20Gaza%20Strip%20to%20secure%20release%20of%20abducted%20soldier%2028-Jun-2006.aspx adresinden 12.03.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2021). The State: Israel defence forces. https://mfa.gov.il/mfa/aboutisrael/state/pages/the%20state-%20israel%20defense%20forces%20-idf-.aspx adresinden 18.01.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Lieber, D. (2019). U.N. slams Israel over violent crackdown on Gaza protesters. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-n-slams-israel-over-violent-crackdown-on-gaza-protesters-11551365550 adresinden 20.02.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Norwegian Refugee Council. (2018). Israel tightens Gaza blockade, civilians bear the brunt. https://www.nrc.no/globalassets/pdf/briefing-notes/mb-gaza-israel-blockade-civilians-270818-en.pdf adresinden 18.05.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Nye, J. J. S. (2006). Think again: soft power. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2006/02/23/think-again-soft-power/ adresinden 17.03.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Staff, T. (2019). Israeli defense exports down to $7.5 billion in 2018, ministry says. The Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-defense-exports-down-to-7-5-billion-in-2018-ministry-says/ adresinden 05.06.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Straughen, H. (2011). Image is everything: The importance of public diplomacy in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Miftah. http://www.miftah.org/Display.cfm?DocId=23440&CategoryId=21 adresinden 20.03.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • The Middle East Eye. (2018). Israel condemned over Gaza ‘bloodbath’ as amnesty raises war crimes concerns.https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-condemned-over-gaza-bloodbath-amnesty-raises-war-crimes-concerns adresinden 20.02.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • The United Nations. (2006). The question of Palestine. https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-186476/ adresinden 12.03.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir. United Nations Human Rights Council-OHCHR. (2014a). Attacks by Palestinian armed groups.
  • https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoIGaza/Attacks%20bY%20Palestinian%20Armed%20Groups.pdf adresinden 15.12.2019 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • United Nations Human Rights Council-OHCHR. (2014b). Report of the independent commission of inquiry on the 2014 Gaza conflict A/HRC/29/52. https://www.ohchr.org/en/hrbodies/hrc/coigazaconflict/pages/reportcoigaza.aspx adresinden 16.12.2019 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • United Nations Human Rights Council-OHCHR. (2019a). Report of the independent international commision of inquiry on the protests in the occupied Palestinian territory. https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoIOPT/A_HRC_40_74.pdf adresinden 25.03.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • United Nations Human Rights Council-OHCHR. (2019b). No Justification for Israel to Shoot Protesters with Live Ammunition. https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/Pages/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=24226&LangID=E adresinden 10.12.2019 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • United Nations Press Release. (2018). United Nations Palestinian Rights Committee condemns excessive, disproportionate use of force by Israeli security forces against demonstrators at Gaza fence. https://www.un.org/press/en/2018/gapal1406.doc.htm adresinden 20.02.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • White, J. (2018). United Nations condemns Israel for ‘excessive, disproportionate and indiscriminate force’ against Palestinians. The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/united-nations-israel-excessive-disproportionate-indiscriminate-force-palestinians-resolution-a8397851.html adresinden 20.02.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Xia, L. (2018). AU condemns Israel's “disproportionate” use of force against Palestinians. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/15/c_137181078.htm adresinden 21.02.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Toplam 63 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sosyoloji, Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Pınar Özden Cankara

Yavuz Cankara Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 16 Haziran 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Özden Cankara, P., & Cankara, Y. (2022). Dijital Teknoloji Çağında İsrail Savunma Güçlerinin Kamu Diplomasisi Faaliyetleri: Twitter Paylaşımları Örneği. İnsan Ve Toplum, 12(2), 140-172.
 Kapak Resmi İndir