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The Cold War in the Middle East in the Second Half of the 1950s: What was the Soviet Response Against Western Interventionism?

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 34 Sayı: 1, 49 - 72, 26.07.2019
https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.596058

Öz

This study aims to look from
the Soviet Union’s perspective to the attempts
of western capitalist states intending to maintain their domains in the period,
in which the Suez Crisis and the Eisenhower doctrine dominated the region; to
reveal how the Soviet Union assessed the developments and to clarify its
position.
The
Soviet Union responded to the West with
an anti-imperialist policy. In this context, this policy of the Soviet
Union against the interventionist policies of the western
capitalist states in the Middle East defending  the independence and sovereignty of states in
the region constitutes
the main research
problem of this study.

Kaynakça

  • “Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples”, http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/1514(XV) (accessed on 12 November 2018).
  • Diplomaticheskiy Slovar, Tom 1 1971 Diplomaticheskiy Slovar, Tom 1, A-İ, red. A.Gromyko, I.Zemskov, V.Khvostov, Izdatelstvo Politicheskoy Literatury, Moskva
  • Diplomaticheskiy Slovar, Tom 2 1971 Diplomaticheskiy Slovar, Tom 2, K-P red. A. Gromyko, I. Zemskov, V. Khvostov, Izdatelstvo Politicheskoy Literatury, Moskva
  • Diplomaticheskiy Slovar, Tom 3 1973 Diplomaticheskiy Slovar, Tom 3, R-Ya red. A.Gromyko, I.Zemskov, V.Khvostov, Izdatelstvo Politicheskoy Literatury, Moskva
  • “Editorial Note”, Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), 1955-1957, Volume XIV 1989 Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), 1955-1957, Arab-Israeli Dispute, 1955, Volume XIV, ed. Carl N. Raether, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, pp. 576-577.
  • “Editorial Note”, FRUS, 1958-1960, Volume XI 1992 FRUS, 1958-1960, Lebanon and Jordan, Volume XI, ed. Louis J. Smith, United States Government Printing Office, Washington. pp. 338-339.
  • “Editorial Note”, FRUS, 1958-1960, Volume XI 1992 FRUS, 1958-1960, Lebanon and Jordan, Volume XI, ed. Louis J. Smith, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, p. 372.
  • “Egipetskiy..” 1956“Egipetskiy Narod Vysoko Tsenim Podderzhku, Kotoryyu Okazal Emu Sovetskiy Narod” Pravda, 28 December 1956. Gromyko 1988 Gromyko, Andrei. Pamyatnoe Kn. 1, Izdatelstvo Politicheskoy Literatury, Moskva
  • Istoriya Diplomatii 1974 Istoriya Diplomatii, Tom V, Kniga Pervaya, red. V.Semenov & M.Kharlamov, Izdatelstvo Politicheskoy Literatury, Moskva
  • Lenin 1969a Vladimir Lenin, “Imperializm, Kak Vysshaya Stadiya Kapitalizma”, Polnoe Sobranie Sochineniy, Tom 27, Izdatelskoy Politicheskoy Literatury, Moskva, pp. 299-426.
  • Lenin 1969b Vladimir Lenin, “Sotsialisticheskaya Revolyutsiya i Pravo Natsii na Samoopredelenie”, Polnoe Sobranie Sochineniy, Tom 27, Moskva, Izdatelskoy Politicheskoy Literatury, 1969, pp. 252-266.
  • “Letter From President Eisenhower to Prime Minister Eden”, FRUS, 1955-1957, Volume XVI 1990 FRUS, 1955-1957, Suez Crisis, July 26-December 31, 1956, Volume XVI, ed. Nina J. Noring, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, pp. 69-70.
  • “Letter From the British Ambassador (Makins) to the Secretary of State”, FRUS, 1955-1957, Volume XVI 1990 FRUS, 1955-1957, Suez Crisis, July 26-December 31, 1956, Volume XVI, ed. Nina J. Noring, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, pp. 472-473.
  • “Letter From the Minister Bulganin to President Eisenhower”, FRUS, 1955-1957, Volume XVI, 1990 FRUS, 1955-1957, Suez Crisis, July 26-December 31, 1956, Volume XVI, ed. Nina J. Noring, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, pp. 993-994.
  • “Memorandum by the President”, FRUS, 1955-1957,Volume XVI, 1990 FRUS, 1955-1957, Suez Crisis, July 26-December 31, 1956, Volume XVI, ed. Nina J. Noring, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, pp. 924-925.
  • “Memorandum of Telephone Conversations Between the President and the Secretary of State, Washington, July 30, 1956”, FRUS, 1955-1957, Volume XVI 1990 FRUS, 1955-1957, Suez Crisis, July 26-December 31, 1956, Volume XVI, ed. Nina J. Noring, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, pp. 46-47.
  • “Message From Prime Minister Bulganin to President Eisenhower”, FRUS, 1955-1957, Volume XIV 1989 FRUS, 1955-1957, Arab-Israeli Dispute, 1955, Volume XIV, ed. Carl N. Raether, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, pp. 636-638.
  • Nihatin 1957 V. Nihatin, “Borba Arabskikh Narodov Protiv Bagdadskogo Pakta. Predlozhenie SSSR o Mire i Bezopasnosti na Blizhnem i Srednem Vostoke”, Istoriya Mezhdunarodnykh Otnoshcheniy i Vneshney Politiki SSSR (1870-1957gg.), red. F. Zueva, Vysshaya Partiynaya Shkola, Moskva, pp. 504-509.
  • “Noty..” 1957 “Noty Sovetskogo Pravitelstva Pravitelstvam SShA, Anglii, i Frantsii” Pravda, 13 February 1957.
  • “O Politike..” 1957 “O Politike Soedinennykh Shtatov na Blizhnem Vostoke” Pravda, 13 January 1957.
  • “Pismo A.A. Gromyko..” 1957 “Pismo A.A. Gromyko Predsedatelyu Generalnoi Assamblen OON”, Izvestiya, 18 October 1957
  • “Politika..” 1955 “Politika Egipta Osnovyvaetsia na Printsipe Polnoi Nezavisimosti”, Pravda, 2 October 1955, p. 3.
  • “Poslanie..” 1957 “Poslanie Predsedatelia Soveta Ministrov SSSR N.A. Bulganina Premer-Ministru Turtsii A.Menderesu” Izvestiya, 14 September 1957
  • “Resolution 997 (ES-I)” (web) “Resolution 997 (ES-I)”, https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/5B887DCDB63624F7852560DF0066D4B0 (accessed on 8 December 2018).
  • Samarskiy 1957 S. Samarskiy, “Proval Imperialisticheskoy Agressii Protiv Egipta”, Istoriya Mezhdunarodnykh Otnoshcheniy i Vneshney Politiki SSSR (1870-1957gg.), red. F. Zueva, Vysshaya Partiynaya Shkola, Moskva, pp. 530-540.
  • Sbornik Zakonov 1956 Sbornik Zakonov SSSR i Ukazov Prezidiuma Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR 1938-1956, Gosudarstvennoe Izdatelstvo Yuridicheskoy Literatury, Moskva
  • “Special National Intelligence Estimate”, FRUS, 1955-1957, Volume XIII 1988 FRUS, 1955-1957, Near East: Jordan-Yemen, Volume XIII, eds. Will Kingman, Aaron D. Miller, Nina J. Noring, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, pp. 677-678.
  • SSSR i Arabskie Strany 1961 SSSR i Arabskie Strany 1917-1960 gg.: Dokumenty i Materialy, red. Vilnis Sipols, Gosudarstvennoe Izdatelstvo Politicheskoy Literatury, Moskva
  • “Telegram From the Delegation at the Suez Canal Conference to the Department of State”, FRUS, 1955-1957, Volume XVI 1990 FRUS, 1955-1957, Suez Crisis, July 26-December 31, 1956, Volume XVI, ed. Nina J. Noring, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, pp. 228-229.
  • “Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in the United Kingdom”, FRUS, 1958-1960, Volume XI 1992 FRUS, 1958-1960, Lebanon and Jordan, Volume XI, ed. Louis J. Smith, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, pp. 325-326.
  • “Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Turkey” FRUS, 1955-1957, Volume XIII 1988 FRUS, 1955-1957, Near East: Jordan-Yemen, Volume XIII, eds. Will Kingman, Aaron D. Miller, Nina J. Noring, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, pp. 692-693.
  • “Telegram From the Embassy in the Soviet Union to the Department of State”, FRUS, 1958-1960, Volume XI 1992 FRUS, 1958-1960, Lebanon and Jordan, Volume XI, ed. Louis J. Smith, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, pp. 257-258.
  • “Telegram From the Embassy in Turkey to the Department of State”, FRUS, 1955-1957, Volume XIII 1988 FRUS, 1955-1957, Near East: Jordan-Yemen, Volume XIII, eds. Will Kingman, Aaron D. Miller, Nina J. Noring, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, pp. 643-644.
  • “Telegram From the Embassy in Turkey to the Department of State”, FRUS, 1958-1960, Volume XI 1992 FRUS, 1958-1960, Lebanon and Jordan, Volume XI, ed. Louis J. Smith, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, pp. 307-308.
  • “The Eisenhower Doctrine, 1957” (web)
  • “The Eisenhower Doctrine, 1957”, https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/eisenhower-doctrine (accessed on 8 December 2018).
  • The Department of State Bulletin 1956 The Department of State Bulletin, Vol. XXXV, No 908, November 19, 1956.
  • Vneocherednoy XXI S’ezd 1959 Vneocherednoy XXI S’ezd Kommunisticheskoy Partii Sovetskogo Soyuza, Stenograficheskoy Otçet II, Gosudarstvennoe Izdatelstvo Politicheskoy Literatury, Moskva
  • “Zayavlenie..” 1956 “Zayavlenie Sovetskogo Pravitelstva po Voprosu o Suetstkom Kanale” 1956, Pravda, 10 August 1956.
  • “Zayavlenie MID SSSR” 1957 “Zayavlenie MID SSSR”, Pravda, 1 April 1957. XX S’ezd 1956 XX S’ezd Kommunisticheskoy Partii Sovetskogo Soyuza Stenograficheskiy Otçet I, Gosudarstvennoe Izdatelstvo Politicheskoy Literatury, Moskva
  • “Amerika’lı 3 Diplomat Suriye’den Çıkarıldı” 1957 “Amerika’lı 3 Diplomat Suriye’den Çıkarıldı”, Milliyet, 15 August 1957.
  • “Amerikan Filosuna Hazırol Emri Verildi” 1957
  • “Amerikan Filosuna Hazırol Emri Verildi”, Milliyet, 28 August 1957.
  • Ataç 2017 Kaan K. Ataç, “Soğuk Savaş Döneminde Türkiye-Rusya İlişkilerinde Suriye Boyutu” Kuşku ile Komşuluk, Türkiye ve Rusya İlişkilerinde Değişen Dinamikler, der. G.Özcan, E.Balta, B.Beşgül, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul, pp. 79-109.
  • Bordachev ve Smirnov 2009 Bordachev, Timofei & Pavel Smirnov. “Protivorechiya Konkurentnogo Sosushchestvovaniya 1956-1958”,
  • Sistemnaya Istoriya Mezhdunarodnykh Otnoshcheniy, Tom 2, red. A.Bogaturov, Kulturnaya Revolyutsiya, Moskva, pp. 209-244.
  • Documents on the Suez Crisis, 26 July to 6 November 1956 1957 Documents on the Suez Crisis, 26 July to 6 November 1956, ed. D.C.Watt, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London
  • Eden 1960 Anthony Eden, The Memoirs of Anthony Eden: Full Circle, Houghton Mifflin Company Boston, The Riverside Press, Cambridge
  • Eisenhower 1965 Eisenhower, Dwight. D., Waging Peace, 1956-1961, Vol. 2 The White House Years, Doubleday & Company, Inc., Garden City, New York
  • Fırat ve Kürkçüoğlu 2006 Melek Fırat - Ömer Kürkçüoğlu, “Arap Devletleriyle İlişkiler”, Türk Dış Politikası Cilt I, ed. B.Oran, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul, pp. 615-635.
  • “French Role in the Suez Crisis” (web) “French Role in the Suez Crisis” https://uahsibhistory.wikispaces.com/French+Role+in+the+Suez+Crisis (accessed on 15 November 2018).
  • “Henderson Beyrut’a Gitti” 1957 “Henderson Beyrut’a Gitti”, Milliyet, 29 August 1957.
  • Khrushchev 1971 Khrushchev, Nikita. Kruşçev’in Anıları, Cilt 2, çev:M.Ali Kayabal, Milliyet Yayınları, İstanbul
  • Lee 2002 Stephen J. Lee, Avrupa Tarihinden Kesitler 1789-1980, Çev: Savaş Aktur, Dost Kitabevi, Ankara
  • Pelipas 2003 Mihail Pelipas, “Suetskiy Krizis 1956 Goda”, Kholodnaya Voyna 1945-1963 gg. Istoricheskaya Retrospektiva, red. N.Egovora & A.Chubaryan, Olma-Press, Moskva, pp. 543-584.
  • “Prime Minister..” 1956 “Prime Minister Abd-Al-Nasır’s Announcement of the Egyptian Agreement with Czechoslovakia for the Purchase of Arms”, Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East, A Documentary Record: 1914-1956, ed. J.C. Hurewitz, Vol. II, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., New Jersey, pp. 401-405.
  • “Suriye’de Komplo Meydana Çıkarıldı” 1957 “Suriye’de Komplo Meydana Çıkarıldı” Milliyet, 14 August 1957.
  • “23. Jordan (1946-present)” (web) “23. Jordan (1946-present)”, http://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/middle-eastnorth-africapersian-gulf-region/jordan-1946-present/ (accessed on 16 November 2018).

1950'lerin İkinci Yarısında Orta Doğu'da Soğuk Savaş: Batı Müdahaleciliğine Karşı Sovyetler Ne Tepki Gösterdi?

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 34 Sayı: 1, 49 - 72, 26.07.2019
https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.596058

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Süveyş Krizi ve Eisenhower doktriniyle batılı
kapitalist devletlerin bölgede nüfuz/etkinlik alanı sağlama amaçlı
girişimlerine Sovyetler Birliği’nin penceresinden bakmak, pozisyonunu ve gelişmeleri
nasıl değerlendirdiğini ortaya koymak amaçlandı. Sovyetler Birliği Batı’ya
antiemperyalist politikayla karşılık verdi. Bu bağlamda, Orta Doğu’da Batılı
kapitalist devletlerin müdahaleci politikalarına karşı Sovyetler Birliği’nin
bölge devletlerinin bağımsızlık ve egemenliğini savunarak antiemperyalist bir
politika gütmesi bu çalışmanın temel sorunsalını oluşturmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • “Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples”, http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/1514(XV) (accessed on 12 November 2018).
  • Diplomaticheskiy Slovar, Tom 1 1971 Diplomaticheskiy Slovar, Tom 1, A-İ, red. A.Gromyko, I.Zemskov, V.Khvostov, Izdatelstvo Politicheskoy Literatury, Moskva
  • Diplomaticheskiy Slovar, Tom 2 1971 Diplomaticheskiy Slovar, Tom 2, K-P red. A. Gromyko, I. Zemskov, V. Khvostov, Izdatelstvo Politicheskoy Literatury, Moskva
  • Diplomaticheskiy Slovar, Tom 3 1973 Diplomaticheskiy Slovar, Tom 3, R-Ya red. A.Gromyko, I.Zemskov, V.Khvostov, Izdatelstvo Politicheskoy Literatury, Moskva
  • “Editorial Note”, Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), 1955-1957, Volume XIV 1989 Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), 1955-1957, Arab-Israeli Dispute, 1955, Volume XIV, ed. Carl N. Raether, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, pp. 576-577.
  • “Editorial Note”, FRUS, 1958-1960, Volume XI 1992 FRUS, 1958-1960, Lebanon and Jordan, Volume XI, ed. Louis J. Smith, United States Government Printing Office, Washington. pp. 338-339.
  • “Editorial Note”, FRUS, 1958-1960, Volume XI 1992 FRUS, 1958-1960, Lebanon and Jordan, Volume XI, ed. Louis J. Smith, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, p. 372.
  • “Egipetskiy..” 1956“Egipetskiy Narod Vysoko Tsenim Podderzhku, Kotoryyu Okazal Emu Sovetskiy Narod” Pravda, 28 December 1956. Gromyko 1988 Gromyko, Andrei. Pamyatnoe Kn. 1, Izdatelstvo Politicheskoy Literatury, Moskva
  • Istoriya Diplomatii 1974 Istoriya Diplomatii, Tom V, Kniga Pervaya, red. V.Semenov & M.Kharlamov, Izdatelstvo Politicheskoy Literatury, Moskva
  • Lenin 1969a Vladimir Lenin, “Imperializm, Kak Vysshaya Stadiya Kapitalizma”, Polnoe Sobranie Sochineniy, Tom 27, Izdatelskoy Politicheskoy Literatury, Moskva, pp. 299-426.
  • Lenin 1969b Vladimir Lenin, “Sotsialisticheskaya Revolyutsiya i Pravo Natsii na Samoopredelenie”, Polnoe Sobranie Sochineniy, Tom 27, Moskva, Izdatelskoy Politicheskoy Literatury, 1969, pp. 252-266.
  • “Letter From President Eisenhower to Prime Minister Eden”, FRUS, 1955-1957, Volume XVI 1990 FRUS, 1955-1957, Suez Crisis, July 26-December 31, 1956, Volume XVI, ed. Nina J. Noring, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, pp. 69-70.
  • “Letter From the British Ambassador (Makins) to the Secretary of State”, FRUS, 1955-1957, Volume XVI 1990 FRUS, 1955-1957, Suez Crisis, July 26-December 31, 1956, Volume XVI, ed. Nina J. Noring, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, pp. 472-473.
  • “Letter From the Minister Bulganin to President Eisenhower”, FRUS, 1955-1957, Volume XVI, 1990 FRUS, 1955-1957, Suez Crisis, July 26-December 31, 1956, Volume XVI, ed. Nina J. Noring, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, pp. 993-994.
  • “Memorandum by the President”, FRUS, 1955-1957,Volume XVI, 1990 FRUS, 1955-1957, Suez Crisis, July 26-December 31, 1956, Volume XVI, ed. Nina J. Noring, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, pp. 924-925.
  • “Memorandum of Telephone Conversations Between the President and the Secretary of State, Washington, July 30, 1956”, FRUS, 1955-1957, Volume XVI 1990 FRUS, 1955-1957, Suez Crisis, July 26-December 31, 1956, Volume XVI, ed. Nina J. Noring, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, pp. 46-47.
  • “Message From Prime Minister Bulganin to President Eisenhower”, FRUS, 1955-1957, Volume XIV 1989 FRUS, 1955-1957, Arab-Israeli Dispute, 1955, Volume XIV, ed. Carl N. Raether, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, pp. 636-638.
  • Nihatin 1957 V. Nihatin, “Borba Arabskikh Narodov Protiv Bagdadskogo Pakta. Predlozhenie SSSR o Mire i Bezopasnosti na Blizhnem i Srednem Vostoke”, Istoriya Mezhdunarodnykh Otnoshcheniy i Vneshney Politiki SSSR (1870-1957gg.), red. F. Zueva, Vysshaya Partiynaya Shkola, Moskva, pp. 504-509.
  • “Noty..” 1957 “Noty Sovetskogo Pravitelstva Pravitelstvam SShA, Anglii, i Frantsii” Pravda, 13 February 1957.
  • “O Politike..” 1957 “O Politike Soedinennykh Shtatov na Blizhnem Vostoke” Pravda, 13 January 1957.
  • “Pismo A.A. Gromyko..” 1957 “Pismo A.A. Gromyko Predsedatelyu Generalnoi Assamblen OON”, Izvestiya, 18 October 1957
  • “Politika..” 1955 “Politika Egipta Osnovyvaetsia na Printsipe Polnoi Nezavisimosti”, Pravda, 2 October 1955, p. 3.
  • “Poslanie..” 1957 “Poslanie Predsedatelia Soveta Ministrov SSSR N.A. Bulganina Premer-Ministru Turtsii A.Menderesu” Izvestiya, 14 September 1957
  • “Resolution 997 (ES-I)” (web) “Resolution 997 (ES-I)”, https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/5B887DCDB63624F7852560DF0066D4B0 (accessed on 8 December 2018).
  • Samarskiy 1957 S. Samarskiy, “Proval Imperialisticheskoy Agressii Protiv Egipta”, Istoriya Mezhdunarodnykh Otnoshcheniy i Vneshney Politiki SSSR (1870-1957gg.), red. F. Zueva, Vysshaya Partiynaya Shkola, Moskva, pp. 530-540.
  • Sbornik Zakonov 1956 Sbornik Zakonov SSSR i Ukazov Prezidiuma Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR 1938-1956, Gosudarstvennoe Izdatelstvo Yuridicheskoy Literatury, Moskva
  • “Special National Intelligence Estimate”, FRUS, 1955-1957, Volume XIII 1988 FRUS, 1955-1957, Near East: Jordan-Yemen, Volume XIII, eds. Will Kingman, Aaron D. Miller, Nina J. Noring, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, pp. 677-678.
  • SSSR i Arabskie Strany 1961 SSSR i Arabskie Strany 1917-1960 gg.: Dokumenty i Materialy, red. Vilnis Sipols, Gosudarstvennoe Izdatelstvo Politicheskoy Literatury, Moskva
  • “Telegram From the Delegation at the Suez Canal Conference to the Department of State”, FRUS, 1955-1957, Volume XVI 1990 FRUS, 1955-1957, Suez Crisis, July 26-December 31, 1956, Volume XVI, ed. Nina J. Noring, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, pp. 228-229.
  • “Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in the United Kingdom”, FRUS, 1958-1960, Volume XI 1992 FRUS, 1958-1960, Lebanon and Jordan, Volume XI, ed. Louis J. Smith, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, pp. 325-326.
  • “Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Turkey” FRUS, 1955-1957, Volume XIII 1988 FRUS, 1955-1957, Near East: Jordan-Yemen, Volume XIII, eds. Will Kingman, Aaron D. Miller, Nina J. Noring, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, pp. 692-693.
  • “Telegram From the Embassy in the Soviet Union to the Department of State”, FRUS, 1958-1960, Volume XI 1992 FRUS, 1958-1960, Lebanon and Jordan, Volume XI, ed. Louis J. Smith, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, pp. 257-258.
  • “Telegram From the Embassy in Turkey to the Department of State”, FRUS, 1955-1957, Volume XIII 1988 FRUS, 1955-1957, Near East: Jordan-Yemen, Volume XIII, eds. Will Kingman, Aaron D. Miller, Nina J. Noring, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, pp. 643-644.
  • “Telegram From the Embassy in Turkey to the Department of State”, FRUS, 1958-1960, Volume XI 1992 FRUS, 1958-1960, Lebanon and Jordan, Volume XI, ed. Louis J. Smith, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, pp. 307-308.
  • “The Eisenhower Doctrine, 1957” (web)
  • “The Eisenhower Doctrine, 1957”, https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/eisenhower-doctrine (accessed on 8 December 2018).
  • The Department of State Bulletin 1956 The Department of State Bulletin, Vol. XXXV, No 908, November 19, 1956.
  • Vneocherednoy XXI S’ezd 1959 Vneocherednoy XXI S’ezd Kommunisticheskoy Partii Sovetskogo Soyuza, Stenograficheskoy Otçet II, Gosudarstvennoe Izdatelstvo Politicheskoy Literatury, Moskva
  • “Zayavlenie..” 1956 “Zayavlenie Sovetskogo Pravitelstva po Voprosu o Suetstkom Kanale” 1956, Pravda, 10 August 1956.
  • “Zayavlenie MID SSSR” 1957 “Zayavlenie MID SSSR”, Pravda, 1 April 1957. XX S’ezd 1956 XX S’ezd Kommunisticheskoy Partii Sovetskogo Soyuza Stenograficheskiy Otçet I, Gosudarstvennoe Izdatelstvo Politicheskoy Literatury, Moskva
  • “Amerika’lı 3 Diplomat Suriye’den Çıkarıldı” 1957 “Amerika’lı 3 Diplomat Suriye’den Çıkarıldı”, Milliyet, 15 August 1957.
  • “Amerikan Filosuna Hazırol Emri Verildi” 1957
  • “Amerikan Filosuna Hazırol Emri Verildi”, Milliyet, 28 August 1957.
  • Ataç 2017 Kaan K. Ataç, “Soğuk Savaş Döneminde Türkiye-Rusya İlişkilerinde Suriye Boyutu” Kuşku ile Komşuluk, Türkiye ve Rusya İlişkilerinde Değişen Dinamikler, der. G.Özcan, E.Balta, B.Beşgül, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul, pp. 79-109.
  • Bordachev ve Smirnov 2009 Bordachev, Timofei & Pavel Smirnov. “Protivorechiya Konkurentnogo Sosushchestvovaniya 1956-1958”,
  • Sistemnaya Istoriya Mezhdunarodnykh Otnoshcheniy, Tom 2, red. A.Bogaturov, Kulturnaya Revolyutsiya, Moskva, pp. 209-244.
  • Documents on the Suez Crisis, 26 July to 6 November 1956 1957 Documents on the Suez Crisis, 26 July to 6 November 1956, ed. D.C.Watt, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London
  • Eden 1960 Anthony Eden, The Memoirs of Anthony Eden: Full Circle, Houghton Mifflin Company Boston, The Riverside Press, Cambridge
  • Eisenhower 1965 Eisenhower, Dwight. D., Waging Peace, 1956-1961, Vol. 2 The White House Years, Doubleday & Company, Inc., Garden City, New York
  • Fırat ve Kürkçüoğlu 2006 Melek Fırat - Ömer Kürkçüoğlu, “Arap Devletleriyle İlişkiler”, Türk Dış Politikası Cilt I, ed. B.Oran, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul, pp. 615-635.
  • “French Role in the Suez Crisis” (web) “French Role in the Suez Crisis” https://uahsibhistory.wikispaces.com/French+Role+in+the+Suez+Crisis (accessed on 15 November 2018).
  • “Henderson Beyrut’a Gitti” 1957 “Henderson Beyrut’a Gitti”, Milliyet, 29 August 1957.
  • Khrushchev 1971 Khrushchev, Nikita. Kruşçev’in Anıları, Cilt 2, çev:M.Ali Kayabal, Milliyet Yayınları, İstanbul
  • Lee 2002 Stephen J. Lee, Avrupa Tarihinden Kesitler 1789-1980, Çev: Savaş Aktur, Dost Kitabevi, Ankara
  • Pelipas 2003 Mihail Pelipas, “Suetskiy Krizis 1956 Goda”, Kholodnaya Voyna 1945-1963 gg. Istoricheskaya Retrospektiva, red. N.Egovora & A.Chubaryan, Olma-Press, Moskva, pp. 543-584.
  • “Prime Minister..” 1956 “Prime Minister Abd-Al-Nasır’s Announcement of the Egyptian Agreement with Czechoslovakia for the Purchase of Arms”, Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East, A Documentary Record: 1914-1956, ed. J.C. Hurewitz, Vol. II, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., New Jersey, pp. 401-405.
  • “Suriye’de Komplo Meydana Çıkarıldı” 1957 “Suriye’de Komplo Meydana Çıkarıldı” Milliyet, 14 August 1957.
  • “23. Jordan (1946-present)” (web) “23. Jordan (1946-present)”, http://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/middle-eastnorth-africapersian-gulf-region/jordan-1946-present/ (accessed on 16 November 2018).
Toplam 58 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm MAKALELER
Yazarlar

Umut Bekcan 0000-0002-6016-5021

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Temmuz 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 34 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Bekcan, U. (2019). The Cold War in the Middle East in the Second Half of the 1950s: What was the Soviet Response Against Western Interventionism?. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, 34(1), 49-72. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.596058
AMA Bekcan U. The Cold War in the Middle East in the Second Half of the 1950s: What was the Soviet Response Against Western Interventionism?. TID. Temmuz 2019;34(1):49-72. doi:10.18513/egetid.596058
Chicago Bekcan, Umut. “The Cold War in the Middle East in the Second Half of the 1950s: What Was the Soviet Response Against Western Interventionism?”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 34, sy. 1 (Temmuz 2019): 49-72. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.596058.
EndNote Bekcan U (01 Temmuz 2019) The Cold War in the Middle East in the Second Half of the 1950s: What was the Soviet Response Against Western Interventionism?. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 34 1 49–72.
IEEE U. Bekcan, “The Cold War in the Middle East in the Second Half of the 1950s: What was the Soviet Response Against Western Interventionism?”, TID, c. 34, sy. 1, ss. 49–72, 2019, doi: 10.18513/egetid.596058.
ISNAD Bekcan, Umut. “The Cold War in the Middle East in the Second Half of the 1950s: What Was the Soviet Response Against Western Interventionism?”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 34/1 (Temmuz 2019), 49-72. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.596058.
JAMA Bekcan U. The Cold War in the Middle East in the Second Half of the 1950s: What was the Soviet Response Against Western Interventionism?. TID. 2019;34:49–72.
MLA Bekcan, Umut. “The Cold War in the Middle East in the Second Half of the 1950s: What Was the Soviet Response Against Western Interventionism?”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, c. 34, sy. 1, 2019, ss. 49-72, doi:10.18513/egetid.596058.
Vancouver Bekcan U. The Cold War in the Middle East in the Second Half of the 1950s: What was the Soviet Response Against Western Interventionism?. TID. 2019;34(1):49-72.