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Küresel Göç Çağında Osmanlı Transatlantik Göçleri ve Sebepleri (1870-1914)

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 40, 1 - 0, 01.10.2016

Öz

XIX. yüzyıl sonundan XX. yüzyıl başına kadar yarım milyona yakın Osmanlı vatandaşı imparatorluğun Suriye vilayetinden Amerika kıtasına göç etmiştir. Bu makale Osmanlı arşivlerindeki belgeler ve Arjantin ve ABD’nin tarihsel göç kayıtları ışığında bu büyük göç dalgasını incelemektedir. Makale mevcut literatürdeki göçleri 1860’lı yıllarda Suriye’nin çeşitli bölgelerinde patlak veren iç çatışmaların bir sonucu olduğu yönündeki iddiayı çürütürken, göçlerin meydana gelmesinde nüfus artışı, yerel ekonomilerdeki daralma ve zorunlu askerlik uygulamaları gibi ekonomik ve sosyal motivasyonların belirleyici rol oynadıklarını iddia etmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Akarlı, Engin D. The Long Peace: Ottoman Lebanon, 1861-1920. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
  • Çiçek, M. Talha, War and State Formation in Syria: Cemal Pasha’s Governorate during World War I, 1914-1917. London: Routledge, 2014.
  • Dillingham, William P., and William S. Bennet. Abstracts of Reports of the Immigration Commission: With Conclusions and Recommendations and Views of the Minority. Cilt 1. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911.
  • Ducousso, Gaston. L’industrie de la Soie en Syrie et au Liban. Beirut: Imprimerie Catholique, 1913.
  • Fawaz, Leila Tarazi. Merchants and Migrants in Ninetieth-Century Beirut. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983.
  • Firro, Kais. “Silk and Socio-Economic Changes in Lebanon, 1860-1919,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 22 (1990): 151-169.
  • Gualtieri, Sarah. Between Arab and White: Race and Ethnicity in the Early Syrian-American Diaspora. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009.
  • Gülsoy, Ufuk. “1856 Helep ve Nablus Olayları,” Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 9 (1994): 279-281.
  • Hitti, Philip K. The Syrians in America. New York: George H. Doran Company, 1924.
  • –––. History of Syria: Including Lebanon and Palestine. London: Macmillan, 1951.
  • Hourani A., and Nedim Shehadi, ed. The Lebanese and the World: The Century of Emigration. London: B. Tauris, 1994.
  • Hutton, T. J., and Jeffrey G. Williamson. The Age of Mass Migration: Causes and Economic Impact. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
  • Issawi, Charles. An Economic History of the Middle East and North Africa. New York: Columbia University Press, 1982.
  • –––. The Fertile Crescent, 1800-1914: A Documentary Economic History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
  • Karpat, Kemal. “The Ottoman Emigration to America, 1860–1914.” International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 17/2 (May 1985): 175–209.
  • –––. Ottoman Population 1830-1914. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985.
  • Khalaf, Samir. Persistence and Change in Nineteenth-Century Lebanon: A Sociological Essay. Beirut: American University of Beirut, 1979.
  • Khater, Akram Fouad. Inventing Home: Emigration, Gender, and the Middle Class in Lebanon, 1870-1920. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.
  • Klich, Ignacio, and Jeff Lesser, ed. Arab and Jewish Immigrants in Latin America: Images and Realities. Portland: Frank Cass, 1998.
  • Ma’oz, Moshe. Ottoman Reform in Syria and Palestine, 1840-1861: The Impact of the Tanzimat on Politics and Society. Oxford: Clarendon, 1968.
  • Miller, Lucius H. Our Syrian Population: A Study of the Syrian Communities of Greater New York. San Francisco: R&E Research Associates, 1969.
  • Moya, Jose. Cousins and Strangers: Spanish Immigrants in Buenos Aires, 1850-1930. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.
  • Naff, Alixa. Becoming American: The Early Arab Immigrant Experience. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1993.
  • O’Rourke, Kevin H., and Jeffrey G. Williamson. Globalization and History: The Evolution of a Nineteenth-Century Atlantic Economy. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999. Owen, Roger. The Middle East Economy in the World Economy, 1800–1914. London: I. B. Tauris, 1993.
  • Pamuk, Şevket, and Jeffrey G. Williamson, ed. The Mediterranean Response to Globalization before 1850. London: Routledge, 2000.
  • Ruppin, Arthur. “Migration from and to Syria, 1860–1914.” The Economic History of the Middle East, 1800–1914, ed. Charles Issawi. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971.
  • Stein, Edith M. “Some Near Eastern Immigrant Groups in Chicago.” Yüksek lisans tezi, University of Chicago, 1922.
  • Sánchez-Alonso, Blanca. “Those Who Left and Those Who Stayed Behind: Explaining Emigration from the Regions of Spain, 1880–1914.” Journal of Economic History 60/3 (September 2000): 730-755.
  • Serbestoğlu, İbrahim. Osmanlı Kimdir?: Osmanlı Devleti’nde Tabiiyet Sorunu. İstanbul: Yeditepe Yayınları, 2014.
  • Traboulsi, Fawwaz. A History of Modern Lebanon. London: Pluto, 2007.
  • Willcox, Walter F. and Imre Ferenczi. International Migrations. New York: International Bureau of Economic Research, 1929.

Transatlantic Migrations and Their Causes in an Age of Global Migration (1870–1914)

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 40, 1 - 0, 01.10.2016

Öz

From the late nineteenth century up to World War I, approximately half a million Ottoman citizens immigrated to the Americas from the province of Greater Syria. This article examines the fundamental reasons for this mass emigration in the light of the Ottoman archives and historical migration records of Argentina and the United States. While these migration movements have traditionally been depicted as the consequence of civil war and local unrest in the empire in the 1860s, this article argues that social and economic factors—namely population growth, economic deterioration, and military conscription—played the determinant role in the exodus of Ottoman Syrians.

Kaynakça

  • Akarlı, Engin D. The Long Peace: Ottoman Lebanon, 1861-1920. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
  • Çiçek, M. Talha, War and State Formation in Syria: Cemal Pasha’s Governorate during World War I, 1914-1917. London: Routledge, 2014.
  • Dillingham, William P., and William S. Bennet. Abstracts of Reports of the Immigration Commission: With Conclusions and Recommendations and Views of the Minority. Cilt 1. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911.
  • Ducousso, Gaston. L’industrie de la Soie en Syrie et au Liban. Beirut: Imprimerie Catholique, 1913.
  • Fawaz, Leila Tarazi. Merchants and Migrants in Ninetieth-Century Beirut. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983.
  • Firro, Kais. “Silk and Socio-Economic Changes in Lebanon, 1860-1919,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 22 (1990): 151-169.
  • Gualtieri, Sarah. Between Arab and White: Race and Ethnicity in the Early Syrian-American Diaspora. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009.
  • Gülsoy, Ufuk. “1856 Helep ve Nablus Olayları,” Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 9 (1994): 279-281.
  • Hitti, Philip K. The Syrians in America. New York: George H. Doran Company, 1924.
  • –––. History of Syria: Including Lebanon and Palestine. London: Macmillan, 1951.
  • Hourani A., and Nedim Shehadi, ed. The Lebanese and the World: The Century of Emigration. London: B. Tauris, 1994.
  • Hutton, T. J., and Jeffrey G. Williamson. The Age of Mass Migration: Causes and Economic Impact. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
  • Issawi, Charles. An Economic History of the Middle East and North Africa. New York: Columbia University Press, 1982.
  • –––. The Fertile Crescent, 1800-1914: A Documentary Economic History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
  • Karpat, Kemal. “The Ottoman Emigration to America, 1860–1914.” International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 17/2 (May 1985): 175–209.
  • –––. Ottoman Population 1830-1914. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985.
  • Khalaf, Samir. Persistence and Change in Nineteenth-Century Lebanon: A Sociological Essay. Beirut: American University of Beirut, 1979.
  • Khater, Akram Fouad. Inventing Home: Emigration, Gender, and the Middle Class in Lebanon, 1870-1920. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.
  • Klich, Ignacio, and Jeff Lesser, ed. Arab and Jewish Immigrants in Latin America: Images and Realities. Portland: Frank Cass, 1998.
  • Ma’oz, Moshe. Ottoman Reform in Syria and Palestine, 1840-1861: The Impact of the Tanzimat on Politics and Society. Oxford: Clarendon, 1968.
  • Miller, Lucius H. Our Syrian Population: A Study of the Syrian Communities of Greater New York. San Francisco: R&E Research Associates, 1969.
  • Moya, Jose. Cousins and Strangers: Spanish Immigrants in Buenos Aires, 1850-1930. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.
  • Naff, Alixa. Becoming American: The Early Arab Immigrant Experience. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1993.
  • O’Rourke, Kevin H., and Jeffrey G. Williamson. Globalization and History: The Evolution of a Nineteenth-Century Atlantic Economy. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999. Owen, Roger. The Middle East Economy in the World Economy, 1800–1914. London: I. B. Tauris, 1993.
  • Pamuk, Şevket, and Jeffrey G. Williamson, ed. The Mediterranean Response to Globalization before 1850. London: Routledge, 2000.
  • Ruppin, Arthur. “Migration from and to Syria, 1860–1914.” The Economic History of the Middle East, 1800–1914, ed. Charles Issawi. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971.
  • Stein, Edith M. “Some Near Eastern Immigrant Groups in Chicago.” Yüksek lisans tezi, University of Chicago, 1922.
  • Sánchez-Alonso, Blanca. “Those Who Left and Those Who Stayed Behind: Explaining Emigration from the Regions of Spain, 1880–1914.” Journal of Economic History 60/3 (September 2000): 730-755.
  • Serbestoğlu, İbrahim. Osmanlı Kimdir?: Osmanlı Devleti’nde Tabiiyet Sorunu. İstanbul: Yeditepe Yayınları, 2014.
  • Traboulsi, Fawwaz. A History of Modern Lebanon. London: Pluto, 2007.
  • Willcox, Walter F. and Imre Ferenczi. International Migrations. New York: International Bureau of Economic Research, 1929.
Toplam 31 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makale
Yazarlar

Kazım Baycar

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ekim 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 40

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Baycar, Kazım. “Küresel Göç Çağında Osmanlı Transatlantik Göçleri Ve Sebepleri (1870-1914)”. Divan: Disiplinlerarası Çalışmalar Dergisi 21, sy. 40 (Ekim 2016): 1.