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Sovyet sonrası Başkurdistan Cumhuriyeti elit yönetiminde “Rus Oryantalizmi”nin etkilerini anlamak

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 37 - 55, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.38154/cjas.28

Öz

“Rusya’nın Doğusu” terimi, Rusya ve Avrasya ile ilgilenen alan çalışmaları uzmanlarının ve siyasi analistlerin popüler konularından biridir. Benzer şekilde, bu çalışmadaki temel amacım özellikle Rusya'nın geniş coğrafyasında söz konusu “Doğu” kavramının derinliklerine inmek olacaktır. Bu bağlamda, Rusya Federasyonu'nun devasa mekânsal alanında, şu anki resmi adı Başkurdistan Cumhuriyeti üzerine dikkat çekici olduğunu düşündüğüm bir vaka çalışması yardımıyla Rusya'nın “ötekileştirme” sürecine vurgu yapılacaktır. Başkurdistan'ın şu anki durumu hakkında şu genel soruyu soracağım: Anılan Federatif Cumhuriyetteki siyasal elit yönetim sürecini Rus liderliğindeki Oryantalist bir projenin başarılı bir parçası olarak nasıl anlayabiliriz? Bu soruya cevap bulmaya çalışırken post-Sovyet sonrası Rus devlet anlayışı, imparatorluk yıllarında başladığı ve Sovyet merkezileştirilmiş totaliterciliğinde devam ettiği gibi, nüfusunun büyük ve çeşitli kesimlerini “yörüngesine” dahil etmede bir tür “başarı öyküsü” olarak kabul edilecektir.

Kaynakça

  • Abrahamsen, Rita. 2003. “African Studies and the Postcolonial Challenge.” African Affairs, Vol. 102, No. 407.
  • Akiner, Shirin. 1986. Islamic peoples of the Soviet Union: with an appendix on the non-Muslim Turkic peoples of the Soviet Union: an historical and statistical handbook. London; New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  • Baumann Robert F. 1987. “Subject Nationalities in the Military Service of Imperial Russia: The Case of the Bashkirs.” Slavic Review, Vol. 46, No. 3/4.
  • Bustanov, Alfrid K. 2015. Soviet orientalism and the creation of Central Asian nations. New York: Routledge. Robert Coalson, “Russia's Bashkortostan Strains Against Moscow's Centralization Policy.” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, last accessed on 21 December 2019. https://www.rferl.org/a/bashkortostan_strains_against_moscow_centralization/2348573.html.
  • Carr, E. H. 1957. “Some Notes on Soviet Bashkiria.” Soviet Studies, Vol. 8, No. 3.
  • Cronin, Stephanie. 2015. “Introduction: Edward Said, Russian Orientalism and Soviet Iranology.” Iranian Studies, 48:5.
  • David-Fox, Michael , Peter Holquist, and Alexander Martin (eds.). 2006. Orientalism And Empire In Russia: Kritika Historical Studies 3. Bloomington, Slavica.
  • Donnelly, Alton S. 1968. The Russian conquest of Bashkiria, 1552-1740: a case study in imperialism, New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • D’Agostino, Glauco. 2016. “Tatarstan and Bashkortostan: A Political and Religious Test for Tsar Putin.” International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding (IJMMU), Vol. 3, No. 5.
  • Paul Goble. 2016. “Is Bashkortostan About to Explode Along Ethnic Lines?” Eurasia Daily Monitor, Volume: 13, Issue: 179, last accessed on 8 November 2019, https://jamestown.org/program/bashkortostan-explode-along-ethnic-lines/.
  • Gorenburg, Dmitry. 1999. “Regional Separatism in Russia: Ethnic Mobilisation or Power Grab?” Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 51, No. 2.
  • Graney, Katherine E. 1999. “Education Reform in Tatarstan and Bashkortostan: Sovereignty Projects in Post-Soviet Russia.” Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 51, No. 4.
  • Gravinghot, Jörn, 2002. “Bashkortostan: a case of regional authoritarianism.” In Regional politics in Russia. Cameron Ross (ed.). Manchester: Manchester Uni. Press.
  • Hale, Henry E. 1998. “The Regionalization of Autocracy in Russia.” PONARS Policy Memo, 42, Harvard University.
  • Halliday, Fred. 1993. “Orientalism and Its Critics.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 20, No. 2.
  • Khalid, Adeeb. 2000. “Russian History and the Debate over Orientalism.” Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, Volume 1, Number 4.
  • Knight, Nathaniel. 2000/Fall. “On Russian Orientalism: A Response to Adeeb Khalid.” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. Volume 1, Number 4.
  • Knight, Nathaniel. 2000/Spring. “Grigor'ev in Orenburg, 1851-1862: Russian Orientalism in the Service of Empire?” Slavic Review, Vol. 59, No. 1.
  • Knight, Nathaniel. 2002. “Was Russia Its Own Orient?: Reflections on the Contributions of Etkind and Schimmelpenninck to the Debate on Orientalism.” Ab Imperio, 1.
  • Lankina, Tomila. 2002. “Local Administration and Ethno-Social Consensus in Russia.” Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 54, No. 7.
  • Marcuse, Peter. 2014. “Said’s Orientalism: A Vital Contribution Today.” Antipode, Volume 46-3.
  • Mihailov, Valentin. 2016. “Political, social and ethnic protests in Bashkortostan and Tatarstan.” in Systemic and Non-Systemic Opposition in the Russian Federation: Civil Society Awakens? Cameron Ross (ed.). London: Routledge.
  • Naumkin, Vitaly. 2004. Russian Oriental Studies: Current Research on Past & Present Asian and African Societies. Boston: Brill and London.
  • Petrov, Nikolay. 2010. “The End of the Rakhimov Era”, Carnegie Center, last accessed on 9 June 2019, http://carnegie.ru/2010/07/19/end-of-rakhimov-era-pub-41236.
  • Pipes, Richard E. 1950. “The First Experiment in Soviet National Policy: The Bashkir Republic, 1917-1920.” The Russian Review, Vol. 9, No. 4.
  • Ramakrishnan, A. K. 1999. “The Gaze of Orientalism: Reflections on Linking Postcolonialism and International Relations.” International Studies.
  • Said, Edward W. 2003. Orientalism. London, Penguin Books.
  • Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, David. 2010. Russian Orientalism: Asia in the Russian Mind from Peter the Great to the Emigration. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.
  • Shah, Tabish. “How Federal is Putin’s Russian Federation?” last accessed on 10.10.2020. http://www.atlantic-community.org/app/webroot/files/articlepdf/howfederal.pdf.
  • Steinwedel, Charles. 2016, Threads of empire: loyalty and tsarist authority in Bashkiria, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Tepeyurt, Mehmet. 2001. Bashkirs between Two Worlds. An unpublished PhD Dissertation, Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University.
  • Togan, Zeki Velidi. 2003. Başkurtların tarihi. Ankara: Türksoy.
  • Togan, Zeki Velidi. 1999. Hatıralar: Türkistan ve diğer Müslüman doğu Türklerinin milli varlık ve kültür mücadeleleri. Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı,
  • Tolz, Vera. 2011. Russia's own Orient: the politics of identity and Oriental studies in the late Imperial and early Soviet periods. Oxford, New York, Oxford University Press.
  • Yalçın, Deniz. 2005. Federal Bargaining in Post-Soviet Russia: a comparative study on Moscow's negotiations with Tatarstan and Bashkortostan. An unpublished Master’s thesis, Graduate School of Social Sciences, Eurasian Studies of Middle East Technical University.

Understanding impacts of “Russian Orientalism” on post-Soviet elite-management in the Republic of Bashkortostan

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 37 - 55, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.38154/cjas.28

Öz

The “Russian Orient” has as emerged as a popular area of study for specialists and political analysts with a predominant interest in Russia and Eurasia-related affairs. My primary aim in this work will be specifically to look deeper into this concept of the “Orient” inside Russia’s vast geography. Simultaneously, I will place emphasis on the Russian “otherization” process within this huge spatial realm, drawing upon a remarkable case study on Bashkiria, or to use its current official name, the Republic of Bashkortostan, in the Russian Federation. I will pose one general question to garner information on the current situation in Bashkortostan, being “How can we understand the political elite management process in this Federative Republic as a successful part of a general Russian-led Orientalist project?” In trying to find an answer to this question throughout the work, like in the imperial era, and as observed in the Soviet centralized totalitarianism, the post-Soviet state understanding in Russia will be treated as a kind of a “success story” in terms of its incorporation of large and varied segments of its population into its “orbit”.

Kaynakça

  • Abrahamsen, Rita. 2003. “African Studies and the Postcolonial Challenge.” African Affairs, Vol. 102, No. 407.
  • Akiner, Shirin. 1986. Islamic peoples of the Soviet Union: with an appendix on the non-Muslim Turkic peoples of the Soviet Union: an historical and statistical handbook. London; New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  • Baumann Robert F. 1987. “Subject Nationalities in the Military Service of Imperial Russia: The Case of the Bashkirs.” Slavic Review, Vol. 46, No. 3/4.
  • Bustanov, Alfrid K. 2015. Soviet orientalism and the creation of Central Asian nations. New York: Routledge. Robert Coalson, “Russia's Bashkortostan Strains Against Moscow's Centralization Policy.” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, last accessed on 21 December 2019. https://www.rferl.org/a/bashkortostan_strains_against_moscow_centralization/2348573.html.
  • Carr, E. H. 1957. “Some Notes on Soviet Bashkiria.” Soviet Studies, Vol. 8, No. 3.
  • Cronin, Stephanie. 2015. “Introduction: Edward Said, Russian Orientalism and Soviet Iranology.” Iranian Studies, 48:5.
  • David-Fox, Michael , Peter Holquist, and Alexander Martin (eds.). 2006. Orientalism And Empire In Russia: Kritika Historical Studies 3. Bloomington, Slavica.
  • Donnelly, Alton S. 1968. The Russian conquest of Bashkiria, 1552-1740: a case study in imperialism, New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • D’Agostino, Glauco. 2016. “Tatarstan and Bashkortostan: A Political and Religious Test for Tsar Putin.” International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding (IJMMU), Vol. 3, No. 5.
  • Paul Goble. 2016. “Is Bashkortostan About to Explode Along Ethnic Lines?” Eurasia Daily Monitor, Volume: 13, Issue: 179, last accessed on 8 November 2019, https://jamestown.org/program/bashkortostan-explode-along-ethnic-lines/.
  • Gorenburg, Dmitry. 1999. “Regional Separatism in Russia: Ethnic Mobilisation or Power Grab?” Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 51, No. 2.
  • Graney, Katherine E. 1999. “Education Reform in Tatarstan and Bashkortostan: Sovereignty Projects in Post-Soviet Russia.” Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 51, No. 4.
  • Gravinghot, Jörn, 2002. “Bashkortostan: a case of regional authoritarianism.” In Regional politics in Russia. Cameron Ross (ed.). Manchester: Manchester Uni. Press.
  • Hale, Henry E. 1998. “The Regionalization of Autocracy in Russia.” PONARS Policy Memo, 42, Harvard University.
  • Halliday, Fred. 1993. “Orientalism and Its Critics.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 20, No. 2.
  • Khalid, Adeeb. 2000. “Russian History and the Debate over Orientalism.” Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, Volume 1, Number 4.
  • Knight, Nathaniel. 2000/Fall. “On Russian Orientalism: A Response to Adeeb Khalid.” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. Volume 1, Number 4.
  • Knight, Nathaniel. 2000/Spring. “Grigor'ev in Orenburg, 1851-1862: Russian Orientalism in the Service of Empire?” Slavic Review, Vol. 59, No. 1.
  • Knight, Nathaniel. 2002. “Was Russia Its Own Orient?: Reflections on the Contributions of Etkind and Schimmelpenninck to the Debate on Orientalism.” Ab Imperio, 1.
  • Lankina, Tomila. 2002. “Local Administration and Ethno-Social Consensus in Russia.” Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 54, No. 7.
  • Marcuse, Peter. 2014. “Said’s Orientalism: A Vital Contribution Today.” Antipode, Volume 46-3.
  • Mihailov, Valentin. 2016. “Political, social and ethnic protests in Bashkortostan and Tatarstan.” in Systemic and Non-Systemic Opposition in the Russian Federation: Civil Society Awakens? Cameron Ross (ed.). London: Routledge.
  • Naumkin, Vitaly. 2004. Russian Oriental Studies: Current Research on Past & Present Asian and African Societies. Boston: Brill and London.
  • Petrov, Nikolay. 2010. “The End of the Rakhimov Era”, Carnegie Center, last accessed on 9 June 2019, http://carnegie.ru/2010/07/19/end-of-rakhimov-era-pub-41236.
  • Pipes, Richard E. 1950. “The First Experiment in Soviet National Policy: The Bashkir Republic, 1917-1920.” The Russian Review, Vol. 9, No. 4.
  • Ramakrishnan, A. K. 1999. “The Gaze of Orientalism: Reflections on Linking Postcolonialism and International Relations.” International Studies.
  • Said, Edward W. 2003. Orientalism. London, Penguin Books.
  • Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, David. 2010. Russian Orientalism: Asia in the Russian Mind from Peter the Great to the Emigration. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.
  • Shah, Tabish. “How Federal is Putin’s Russian Federation?” last accessed on 10.10.2020. http://www.atlantic-community.org/app/webroot/files/articlepdf/howfederal.pdf.
  • Steinwedel, Charles. 2016, Threads of empire: loyalty and tsarist authority in Bashkiria, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Tepeyurt, Mehmet. 2001. Bashkirs between Two Worlds. An unpublished PhD Dissertation, Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University.
  • Togan, Zeki Velidi. 2003. Başkurtların tarihi. Ankara: Türksoy.
  • Togan, Zeki Velidi. 1999. Hatıralar: Türkistan ve diğer Müslüman doğu Türklerinin milli varlık ve kültür mücadeleleri. Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı,
  • Tolz, Vera. 2011. Russia's own Orient: the politics of identity and Oriental studies in the late Imperial and early Soviet periods. Oxford, New York, Oxford University Press.
  • Yalçın, Deniz. 2005. Federal Bargaining in Post-Soviet Russia: a comparative study on Moscow's negotiations with Tatarstan and Bashkortostan. An unpublished Master’s thesis, Graduate School of Social Sciences, Eurasian Studies of Middle East Technical University.
Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Bölgesel Çalışmalar
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Melih Demirtaş 0000-0002-6206-1349

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Demirtaş, Melih. “Understanding Impacts of ‘Russian Orientalism’ on Post-Soviet Elite-Management in the Republic of Bashkortostan”. Cappadocia Journal of Area Studies 2, sy. 1 (Haziran 2020): 37-55. https://doi.org/10.38154/cjas.28.