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THE ROLE OF NON-NATIONAL ACTORS IN A NATIONAL START-UP: CASE OF KOSOVO

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 355 - 381, 31.12.2023

Sertan Akbaba

https://doi.org/10.30903/Balkan.1411676

Öz

The issue concerning Kosovar identity dates back to the dissolution of Yugoslavia and a struggle for sovereignty persisted for more than thirty years. This struggle pertains to a re-positioning of a national identity to re-affirm itself as a separate nation, formerly towards Serbia, and latterly towards many centers. It is the international community demonstrating support for the Kosovo State for different reasons. This study aims to understand the impact of non-national actors on the nationalization of Kosovo. Since the EU, UN, and NATO have and still play an important role in the development of Kosovo, it is important to understand how the nation-state or state-nation project is defined and constructed in Kosovo and how authentic it will be in its final form. Due to the internal and external influences and challenges in re-casting its form under the politics of the nation, Kosovo is becoming more like a pseudo-nation than an authentic one.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kosovo Nationalism Nation-state National Identity International Community

Kaynakça

  • ASHMORE, Richard, LEE, D. and WILDER, D., Social Identity, Intergroup Conflict, and Conflict Reduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford UK 2001.
  • BALANDIER, Georges, The Sociology of Black Africa, Andre Deutsch Limited, London 1970.
  • BALENT, M., “Europe and the Challenge of Peripheral Nationalism”, Schuman Report on Europe, (eds.) T. Chopin and M. Foucher, Springer, Paris 2013.
  • BENEDICT, Anderson, Imagined Communities, Verso, London 1983.
  • BREUILLY, John, Nationalism and the State, Chicago University Press, Chicago 1993.
  • BRUBAKER, Rogers, “National Minorities, Nationalizing States, and External Homelands in the New Europe: Notes toward a Relational Analysis”, Reihe Politikwissenshaft, Number 11, Institut für Höhere Studien, 1993, pp. 107-132.
  • CALU, Marius-Ionut, Kosovo Divided Ethnicity, Nationalism and the Struggle for a State, I. B. Tauris Publications, London 2019.
  • ÇEKU, E, “The Kosovo Issue and Albano-Yugoslav Relations 1961-1981”, Diplomacy and Statecraft, Volume 26, Number 2, 2015, pp. 229-248.
  • CHIMNI, B. S., “Third World Approaches to International Law: A Manifesto”, International Community Law Review, Volume 8, Number 1, 2006, pp. 3-27.
  • CURTHOYS, Ann, “Single White Male”, Arena Magazine, Number 8, 1993, pp. 27-28.
  • DEIMEL, Johanna, “The International Presence in Kosovo 1999-2008”, Civic and Uncivic Values in Kosovo, (eds.) Sabrina P. Ramet, Albert Simkus and Ola Listhaug, Central European University Press, Budapest 2015, pp. 119-144.
  • FRIEDRICH, Jürgen, “UNMIK in Kosovo: Struggling with Uncertainty”, Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, Volume 9, Number 1, 2005, pp. 225-293.
  • HABERMAS, J., The Postnational Constellation, Political Essays, (transl., ed. and with an introduction) Max Pensky, The MIT Press, US 2001.
  • HECHTER, Michael, Internal Colonialism, The Celtic Fringe in British National Development 1536-1966, University of California Press, Berkeley 1975.
  • ______, Containing Nationalism, Oxford University Press, NY 2000.
  • Human Rights Watch Report, “Failure to Protect: Anti-Minority Violence in Kosovo”, Volume 16, Number 6, 2004 https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/kosovo0704.pdf, (05.02.2023).
  • JUDAH, Tim, Kosovo: What Everyone Needs to Know, Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • KOLSTO, Pal, “The Sustainability and Future of Unrecognized Quasi-States”, Journal of Peace Research, Volume 43, Number 6, 2016, pp.723-740.
  • Kosovo Declaration of Independence, 17 February 2008, https://www.refworld.org/docid/47d685632.html, (20.03.2023).
  • KRASNIQI, Albert and KRENAR, Shala, “Strengthening the Statehood of Kosovo Through the Democratization of Political Parties”, KIPRED Policy Paper Series, Number 4, 2012, pp. 2-36.
  • KURTI, Albin, “Letter to Quint Ambassadors”, Vetëvendosje, 8 September 2012.
  • _______, “A Difficult Question for Kosovars: Who Are We?”, New York Times, 2007, https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/09/world/europe/09iht-kosovo.4.8660025.html, (03.04.2023).
  • KÜHLE, L. and LAUSTEN, C. B., “The Kosovo Myth: Nationalism and Revenge”, Kosovo Between War and Peace: Nationalism, Peacebuilding and International Trusteeship, (eds.) T. B. Knudsen and C. B. Laustsen, Routledge, USA 2006, pp. 19-36.
  • LIOTTA, P. H., “Balkan Fragmentation and the Rise of the Parastate”, Dismembering the State: The Death of Yugoslavia and Why It Matters, (ed.) P.H. Liotta, Lexington Books, New York 2001, pp. 187-216.
  • MALCOLM, Noel, Kosovo: A Short History, Pan Books, London 2002.
  • MYLONAS, Harris, The Politics of Nation-Building, Making Co-Nationals, Refugees, and Minorities, Cambridge University Press, USA 2012.
  • PAVLOWITCH, S. K., “Europe and the Balkans in a Historical Perspective, 1804-1945”, Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans, Volume 2, Number 2, 2000, pp. 141-48.
  • PERRITT, H. H., The Road to Independence for Kosovo, Cambridge University Press, USA 2010.
  • PINOS, Jaume Castan, Kosovo and the Collateral Effects of Humanitarian Intervention, Routledge, London 2019.
  • RADOSAVLJEVİĆ, Jovana and NIČIĆ, Budimir, “Political Parties of Kosovo Serbs in the Political System of Kosovo: From Pluralism to Monism”, Kosovo Foundation for Open Society, April 2021, https://kfos.org/storage/app/uploads/public/609/3e0/08e/6093e008eac26273165717.pdf, (25.03.2023).
  • ROGEL, Carole, “Kosovo: Where it All Began”, International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society, Volume 17, Number 1, 2003, pp. 167-182.
  • SALLOVA, D, “The Denationalization Policy of the International Community in Kosovo”, International Research Journal, Volume 8, Number 1, 2019, pp. 139-164.
  • SCHWANDER-SIEVERS, S., “Democratisation through Defiance? The Albanian Civil Organisation -Self-Determination- and International Supervision in Kosovo”, Civil society and transitions in the Western Balkans, (eds.) V. Bojicic-Dzelilovic, J. Ker-Lindsay and D. Kostovicova, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke and New York 2013, pp. 95-116.
  • SERWER, D. and BAJRAKTARI, Y., “Kosovo: Ethnic Nationalism at Its Territorial West”, Special Report, 2006, https://www.usip.org/publications/2006/08/kosovo-ethnic-nationalism-its-territorial-worst, (02.02.2023).
  • STEPAN, A., J. J. LINZ and YADAV, Y., Crafting State-Nations: India and Other Multinational Democracies, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 2011.
  • The Constitution of The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Basic Principles, 1974, https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Yugoslavia-Constitution1974.pdf, (10.02.2023).
  • The Constitution of The Republic of Kosovo, 2008, https://mapl.rks-gov.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/1.CONSTITUTION_OF_THE_REPUBLIC_OF_KOSOVO.pdf, (01.11.2023).
  • TOFT, M. D., The Geography of Ethnic Violence, Princeton University Press, NY 2003.
  • UNMIK Fact Sheet: Promoting security, stability and respect for human rights in Kosovo, 1999, https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/unmik, (15.02.2023).
  • United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1244, (10 June 1999), https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/990610_SCR1244%281999%29.pdf, (05.02.2023).
  • United Nations Security Council Report, “The Situation in Kosovo”, (12 December 2003), https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Kos%20Standards.pdf, (20.03.2023).
  • United Nations Security Council, Document S/1999/682, https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/990615_MilitaryTechnicalAgreementKFORYugoslaviaSerbia.pdf, (05.02.2023).
  • United Nations Security Council Report, “Standards for Kosovo”, Pristina, 2003, https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Kos%20Standards.pdf, (15.02.2023).
  • VICKERS, M., Between Serb and Albanian: A History of Kosovo, Columbia University Press, NY 1998.
  • YILMAZ, Bilge, “Populism and Anti-Establishment Politics in Kosovo: A Case Study of Levizja Vetevendosje”, Contemporary Southeastern Europe, Volume 3, Number 2, 2015, pp.17-43.
  • ZIVKOVIC, Vukasin, “Unsuccessful Mentor: EULEX eleven years later”, 26 April 2019, https://europeanwesternbalkans.com/2019/04/26/unsuccessful-mentor-eulex-eleven-years-later/, (27.03.2023).

ULUSLAŞMA SÜRECİNDE ULUS-DIŞI AKTÖRLERİN ROLÜ: KOSOVA ÖRNEĞİ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 355 - 381, 31.12.2023

Sertan Akbaba

https://doi.org/10.30903/Balkan.1411676

Öz

Kosova kimliği meselesi Yugoslavya’nın dağılması süreci ile yeniden sorgulanmaya başlanmıştır. Esasen bu durum otuz yılı aşkın süredir devam eden bir egemenlik mücadelesidir. Bu mücadele bir ulusal kimliğin yeniden konumlandırılması ve ayrı bir ulus olarak önce Sırbistan’a, sonra birçok merkeze (uluslararası toplum) kendini yeniden tasdik ettirmeye ilişkindir. Bu mücadelenin önemli bir bölümü, uluslararası toplumun Kosova’nın bağımsızlığına tam destek verirken, uluslaşma sürecine çok farklı yaklaşmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Kosova’nın uluslaşma projesinde yer alan ulus dışı aktörlerin etkisini anlamayı amaçlamaktadır. AB, BM ve NATO’nun Kosova devletinin gelişmesinde önemli bir rolü olduğu ve hala oynadığı bir gerçektir. Ulus-devlet veya devlet-ulus projesinin Kosova’da nasıl tanımlanıp inşa edildiği ve ne kadar özgün olacağını anlamak açısından önemlidir. Kosova, iç ve dış müdahaleler yaşamakta ve bunun neticesinde kendini tanımlamakta zorlanmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı ise Kosova’nın devlet inşa sürecinin başarısına paralel ulus inşası projesinin otantik olmaktan çok uluslararası toplumun müdahalesi neticesinde sahte bir ulus haline getirilmesini ortaya koymaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kosova Milliyetçilik Ulus-devlet Ulusal Kimlik Uluslararası Toplum

Kaynakça

  • ASHMORE, Richard, LEE, D. and WILDER, D., Social Identity, Intergroup Conflict, and Conflict Reduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford UK 2001.
  • BALANDIER, Georges, The Sociology of Black Africa, Andre Deutsch Limited, London 1970.
  • BALENT, M., “Europe and the Challenge of Peripheral Nationalism”, Schuman Report on Europe, (eds.) T. Chopin and M. Foucher, Springer, Paris 2013.
  • BENEDICT, Anderson, Imagined Communities, Verso, London 1983.
  • BREUILLY, John, Nationalism and the State, Chicago University Press, Chicago 1993.
  • BRUBAKER, Rogers, “National Minorities, Nationalizing States, and External Homelands in the New Europe: Notes toward a Relational Analysis”, Reihe Politikwissenshaft, Number 11, Institut für Höhere Studien, 1993, pp. 107-132.
  • CALU, Marius-Ionut, Kosovo Divided Ethnicity, Nationalism and the Struggle for a State, I. B. Tauris Publications, London 2019.
  • ÇEKU, E, “The Kosovo Issue and Albano-Yugoslav Relations 1961-1981”, Diplomacy and Statecraft, Volume 26, Number 2, 2015, pp. 229-248.
  • CHIMNI, B. S., “Third World Approaches to International Law: A Manifesto”, International Community Law Review, Volume 8, Number 1, 2006, pp. 3-27.
  • CURTHOYS, Ann, “Single White Male”, Arena Magazine, Number 8, 1993, pp. 27-28.
  • DEIMEL, Johanna, “The International Presence in Kosovo 1999-2008”, Civic and Uncivic Values in Kosovo, (eds.) Sabrina P. Ramet, Albert Simkus and Ola Listhaug, Central European University Press, Budapest 2015, pp. 119-144.
  • FRIEDRICH, Jürgen, “UNMIK in Kosovo: Struggling with Uncertainty”, Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, Volume 9, Number 1, 2005, pp. 225-293.
  • HABERMAS, J., The Postnational Constellation, Political Essays, (transl., ed. and with an introduction) Max Pensky, The MIT Press, US 2001.
  • HECHTER, Michael, Internal Colonialism, The Celtic Fringe in British National Development 1536-1966, University of California Press, Berkeley 1975.
  • ______, Containing Nationalism, Oxford University Press, NY 2000.
  • Human Rights Watch Report, “Failure to Protect: Anti-Minority Violence in Kosovo”, Volume 16, Number 6, 2004 https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/kosovo0704.pdf, (05.02.2023).
  • JUDAH, Tim, Kosovo: What Everyone Needs to Know, Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • KOLSTO, Pal, “The Sustainability and Future of Unrecognized Quasi-States”, Journal of Peace Research, Volume 43, Number 6, 2016, pp.723-740.
  • Kosovo Declaration of Independence, 17 February 2008, https://www.refworld.org/docid/47d685632.html, (20.03.2023).
  • KRASNIQI, Albert and KRENAR, Shala, “Strengthening the Statehood of Kosovo Through the Democratization of Political Parties”, KIPRED Policy Paper Series, Number 4, 2012, pp. 2-36.
  • KURTI, Albin, “Letter to Quint Ambassadors”, Vetëvendosje, 8 September 2012.
  • _______, “A Difficult Question for Kosovars: Who Are We?”, New York Times, 2007, https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/09/world/europe/09iht-kosovo.4.8660025.html, (03.04.2023).
  • KÜHLE, L. and LAUSTEN, C. B., “The Kosovo Myth: Nationalism and Revenge”, Kosovo Between War and Peace: Nationalism, Peacebuilding and International Trusteeship, (eds.) T. B. Knudsen and C. B. Laustsen, Routledge, USA 2006, pp. 19-36.
  • LIOTTA, P. H., “Balkan Fragmentation and the Rise of the Parastate”, Dismembering the State: The Death of Yugoslavia and Why It Matters, (ed.) P.H. Liotta, Lexington Books, New York 2001, pp. 187-216.
  • MALCOLM, Noel, Kosovo: A Short History, Pan Books, London 2002.
  • MYLONAS, Harris, The Politics of Nation-Building, Making Co-Nationals, Refugees, and Minorities, Cambridge University Press, USA 2012.
  • PAVLOWITCH, S. K., “Europe and the Balkans in a Historical Perspective, 1804-1945”, Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans, Volume 2, Number 2, 2000, pp. 141-48.
  • PERRITT, H. H., The Road to Independence for Kosovo, Cambridge University Press, USA 2010.
  • PINOS, Jaume Castan, Kosovo and the Collateral Effects of Humanitarian Intervention, Routledge, London 2019.
  • RADOSAVLJEVİĆ, Jovana and NIČIĆ, Budimir, “Political Parties of Kosovo Serbs in the Political System of Kosovo: From Pluralism to Monism”, Kosovo Foundation for Open Society, April 2021, https://kfos.org/storage/app/uploads/public/609/3e0/08e/6093e008eac26273165717.pdf, (25.03.2023).
  • ROGEL, Carole, “Kosovo: Where it All Began”, International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society, Volume 17, Number 1, 2003, pp. 167-182.
  • SALLOVA, D, “The Denationalization Policy of the International Community in Kosovo”, International Research Journal, Volume 8, Number 1, 2019, pp. 139-164.
  • SCHWANDER-SIEVERS, S., “Democratisation through Defiance? The Albanian Civil Organisation -Self-Determination- and International Supervision in Kosovo”, Civil society and transitions in the Western Balkans, (eds.) V. Bojicic-Dzelilovic, J. Ker-Lindsay and D. Kostovicova, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke and New York 2013, pp. 95-116.
  • SERWER, D. and BAJRAKTARI, Y., “Kosovo: Ethnic Nationalism at Its Territorial West”, Special Report, 2006, https://www.usip.org/publications/2006/08/kosovo-ethnic-nationalism-its-territorial-worst, (02.02.2023).
  • STEPAN, A., J. J. LINZ and YADAV, Y., Crafting State-Nations: India and Other Multinational Democracies, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 2011.
  • The Constitution of The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Basic Principles, 1974, https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Yugoslavia-Constitution1974.pdf, (10.02.2023).
  • The Constitution of The Republic of Kosovo, 2008, https://mapl.rks-gov.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/1.CONSTITUTION_OF_THE_REPUBLIC_OF_KOSOVO.pdf, (01.11.2023).
  • TOFT, M. D., The Geography of Ethnic Violence, Princeton University Press, NY 2003.
  • UNMIK Fact Sheet: Promoting security, stability and respect for human rights in Kosovo, 1999, https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/unmik, (15.02.2023).
  • United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1244, (10 June 1999), https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/990610_SCR1244%281999%29.pdf, (05.02.2023).
  • United Nations Security Council Report, “The Situation in Kosovo”, (12 December 2003), https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Kos%20Standards.pdf, (20.03.2023).
  • United Nations Security Council, Document S/1999/682, https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/990615_MilitaryTechnicalAgreementKFORYugoslaviaSerbia.pdf, (05.02.2023).
  • United Nations Security Council Report, “Standards for Kosovo”, Pristina, 2003, https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Kos%20Standards.pdf, (15.02.2023).
  • VICKERS, M., Between Serb and Albanian: A History of Kosovo, Columbia University Press, NY 1998.
  • YILMAZ, Bilge, “Populism and Anti-Establishment Politics in Kosovo: A Case Study of Levizja Vetevendosje”, Contemporary Southeastern Europe, Volume 3, Number 2, 2015, pp.17-43.
  • ZIVKOVIC, Vukasin, “Unsuccessful Mentor: EULEX eleven years later”, 26 April 2019, https://europeanwesternbalkans.com/2019/04/26/unsuccessful-mentor-eulex-eleven-years-later/, (27.03.2023).
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Bölgesel Çalışmalar
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Sertan Akbaba 0000-0002-4278-1170

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Akbaba, S. (2023). THE ROLE OF NON-NATIONAL ACTORS IN A NATIONAL START-UP: CASE OF KOSOVO. Balkan Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(2), 355-381. https://doi.org/10.30903/Balkan.1411676
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